Opinion polling for the 2024 Pakistani general election
In the run up to the 2024 Pakistani general election, various organisations have been carrying out opinion polling to gauge voting intention throughout Pakistan and the approval rating of the civilian Pakistani government, first led by Imran Khan's Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf until 10 April 2022 and then by Shehbaz Sharif's Pakistan Muslim League (N), with the latter government being supported by the Pakistan Democratic Movement and the Pakistan People's Party. The results of such polls are displayed in this article. The date range for these opinion polls are from the previous general election, held on 25 July 2018, to the present day.
National Assembly Voting intention
The results in the tables below (excluding the column on undecided voters and non-voters) exclude survey participants who said they wouldn't vote or they didn't know who they would vote for and add up to 100%. In polls that include undecided voters or non-voters, percentages are adjusted upwards in order to make the total equal 100%. Margins of error are also adjusted upwards at the same rate to account for the increase.
Nationwide
Last date of polling |
Polling firm | Link | PTI | PML(N) | PPP | MMA[a] | TLP | Other | Ind. | Lead | Margin of error |
Sample size |
Undecideds & Non-voters[b][1][2] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 December 2023 | Gohar Ali Khan, Imran Khan's lawyer and nominee, is elected, unopposed, as "caretaker chairman" of PTI .[3][4] | ||||||||||||
21 October 2023 | Nawaz Sharif returns, under protective judicial bail, from 4 years of self-imposed exile in London.[5] | ||||||||||||
10 August 2023 | The National Assembly is dissolved by President Arif Alvi on advice of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif.[6] | ||||||||||||
5 August 2023 | Imran Khan is again arrested, found guilty of "corrupt practices" by an Islamabad trial court, and disqualified from holding public office.[7] | ||||||||||||
30 June 2023 | Gallup Pakistan | 48% | 23% | 14% | 2% | 5% | 8% | 25% | ±2.5% | 3,500 | 13% | ||
9–12 May 2023 | Imran Khan is arrested from the Islamabad High Court, triggering nationwide protests, and then released.[8][9] | ||||||||||||
5 April 2023 | Iris Communications | 45% | 22% | 13% | 2% | 6% | 13% | 23% | N/A | 3,000 | 12% | ||
3 November 2022 | Imran Khan is injured in an assassination attempt in Wazirabad during the 2022 Azadi March II.[10] | ||||||||||||
16 October 2022 | 2022 By-Elections | 49.6% | 13.1% | 12.4% | 7.0% | 3.8% | 5.5% | 36.5% | N/A | 1,179,656 | 13,440 | ||
17 July 2022 | PTI wins the July 2022 Punjab provincial by-election[11] | ||||||||||||
3 June 2022 | IPOR (IRI) | 39% | 33% | 12% | 7% | 4% | 5% | 6% | ±2 - 3% | 2,003 | 25% | ||
11 April 2022 | Shehbaz Sharif, Nawaz's brother, is elected Prime Minister[12] | ||||||||||||
10 April 2022 | Imran Khan is removed from office in a no-confidence motion[13] | ||||||||||||
21 March 2022 | IPOR (IRI) | 35% | 33% | 19% | 6% | 4% | 3% | 2% | ±2 - 3% | 3,509 | 16% | ||
31 January 2022 | Gallup Pakistan | 34% | 33% | 15% | 6% | 3% | 9% | 1% | ±3 - 5% | 5,688 | 33% | ||
9 January 2022 | IPOR (IRI) | 31% | 33% | 17% | 3% | 3% | 11% | 1% | 2% | ±2 - 3% | 3,769 | 11% | |
11 November 2020 | IPOR (IRI) | 36% | 38% | 13% | 4% | 3% | 6% | 2% | ±3.22% | 2,003 | 32% | ||
13 August 2020 | IPOR (IRI) | 33% | 38% | 15% | 3% | 3% | 8% | 5% | ±2.95% | 2,024 | 26% | ||
30 June 2020 | IPOR (IRI) | 24% | 27% | 11% | 3% | 2% | 33% | 3% | ±2.38% | 1,702 | N/A[c] | ||
19 November 2019 | Former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, while under restrictive judicial bail, flew to London on medical grounds[14] | ||||||||||||
24 June 2019 | Gallup Pakistan | 31% | 28% | 15% | 5% | 21% | 3% | ±3 - 5% | ~1,400 | N/A[c] | |||
22 November 2018 | IPOR (IRI) | 43% | 27% | 15% | 1% | 1% | 11% | 1% | 16% | ±2.05% | 3,991 | 22% | |
17 August 2018 | Imran Khan is elected Prime Minister of Pakistan[15][16] | ||||||||||||
25 July 2018 | 2018 Elections | ECP | 31.8% | 24.3% | 13.0% | 4.8% | 4.2% | 10.3% | 11.5% | 7.5% | N/A | 53,123,733 | N/A |
Directly elected seats on National Assembly: 272 (2018) | 116 | 64 | 43 | 12 | -- | 22 | 13 | 2 (postponed) | 272 | Tot. 342(2018) (women + Non-Muslims= 70) | |||
ECP National Assembly (NA) delimitations for 2024 Gen. Elections: 266 directly elected seats + 60 women + 10 non-Muslims = 336 seats [17] |
Punjab
Polling firm | Last date of polling |
Link | PTI | PML(N) | PPP | TLP | Other | Ind. | Lead | Sample size |
Undecideds & Non-voters[b] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republic Policy Punjab overall | November 2023 | [18][19] | 60% | 25% | 15% (PPP,TLP,JI) | 35% | 141 NA constituencies | N/A | |||
• Lahore District | [20] | 61% | 22% | 17% | 39% | 6,850+ | |||||
Nankana Sahib Distr. | [21] | 54% | 29% | 17% | 25% | 1,625+ | |||||
Sheikhupura Distr. | [22] | 56% | 28% | 16% | 28% | 2,475+ | |||||
Kasur Distr. | [23] | 49% | 38% | 13% | 11% | 3,125+ | |||||
.•Dera Ghazi Khan Dist | [24] | 63% | 24% | 13% | 39% | 2,450+ | |||||
Muzaffargarh Distr. | [25] | 60% | 14% | 16% | 10% | 46% | 1,975+ | ||||
Kot Addu Distr. | [26] | 61% | 19% | 20% | 42% | 800+ | |||||
Layyah Distr | [27] | 61% | 22% | 17% | 39% | 1,200+ | |||||
Rajanpur Distr. | [28] | 66% | 18% | 16% | 48% | 1,725+ | |||||
Taunsa Sharif Dist.[29] | [30] | 63% | 19% | 18% | 44% | 9,050+ | |||||
• Sahiwal Distr. | [31] | 50% | 32% | 18% | 18% | 2,200+ | |||||
Pakpattan Distr. | [32] | 46% | 33% | 21% | 13% | 1,350+ | |||||
Okara Distr. | [33] | 44% | 35% | 31% | 9% | 3,500+ | |||||
• Rawalpindi District | [34] | 57% | 25% | 18% | 32% | 1,150+ | |||||
Jhelum Distr. | [35] | 56% | 28% | 16% | 28% | 1,100+ | |||||
Attock Distr | [36] | 61% | 26% | 13% | 35% | 1,775+ | |||||
Chakwal Distr. | [37] | 55% | 29% | 16% | 26% | 1,775+ | |||||
Talagang Distr. | [38] | 60% | 29% | 11% | 31% | 575+ | |||||
Murree Distr.  | [39] | 58% | 28% | 14% | 30% | 375+ | |||||
• Gujrat District | [40] | 51% | 28% | 21% | 23% | 2,925+ | |||||
Gujranwala Distr. | [41] | 51% | 38% | 11% | 13% | 2,325+ | |||||
Sialkot Distr. | [42] | 54% | 31% | 15% | 21% | 3,550+ | |||||
Wazir Abad Distr. | [43] | 49% | 39% | 12% | 10% | 900+ | |||||
Narowal District | [44] | 48% | 40% | 12% | 8% | 975+ | |||||
Mandi Bahawddin Dist | [45] | 48% | 37% | 15% | 11% | 2,000+ | |||||
• Multan Distr. | [46] | 55% | 21% | 13% | 11% | 34% | 2,925+ | ||||
Khanewal Distr | [47] | 60% | 24% | 16% | 36% | 3,375+ | |||||
Vehari Distr. | [48] | 54% | 28% | 18% | 26% | 2,625+ | |||||
Lodhran Dristr. | [49] | 59% | 21% | 20% | 24% | 1,750+ | |||||
• Bahawalpur Disr. | [50] | 51% | 27% | 22% | 24% | 2,200+ | |||||
Bahawalnagar Distr. | [51] | 50% | 26% | 24% | 24% | 3,375+ | |||||
Rahim Yar Khan Dist | [52] | 54% | 18% | 17% | 11% | 36% | 3,475+ | ||||
Bakkar Distr. •{Mianwali} | [53] | 54% | 22% | 24 | 32% | 1,600+ | |||||
Khushab Distr. •{Sargodha} | [54] | 52% | 32% | 16% | 20% | 1,200+ | |||||
Republic Policy Hafizabad Distr 1 NA . | 20-22 November 2023 | [55] | 1 seat | 0 | 1 | 4,725+ | |||||
Republic Policy Faisalabad Dist 10 NA | 15-20 November 2023 | [56] | 5+ seats | 5 (competitive) | 5 | 8,650+(25+ for each UC) | |||||
Republic Policy Lahore District (14 NA seats) | 1-15 October 2023 | [57][58] | 61% | 22% | 8% | 9% | 39% | 6,850+(274 UC / NA 117 to NA130) | |||
7seats | 2 | 5 (competitive) | 5 | ||||||||
Gallup Pakistan | 30 June 2023 | 49% | 33% | 5% | 7% | 6% | 16% | N/A | 16% | ||
Iris Communications | 5 April 2023 | 51% | 35% | 6% | 6% | 3% | 16% | 11% | |||
Republic Policy Punjab overall : 10 DIVISIONS 41 Districts | 1 -25 March 2023 | [59] | 68% | 18% | 3% | 6% | 5% | 50% | 86,359+ 3,454 Union Councils | N/A[c] | |
PA | 14 January 2023 | The Provincial Assembly is dissolved and the scheduled snap election called by ECP is postponed by Central Government to coincide with General Elections on 8 Feb 2024 | |||||||||
Oct 2022 By-elections | 16 October 2022 | 49.0% | 42.5% | 7.0% | 1.5% | 6.3% | 351,267 | 6,483 | |||
Jul 2022 By-elections | 17 July 2022 | [60] | 46.8% | 39.5% | 5.54% | 7.85% | 7.3% | 2,240,465 | 1.59 | ||
NA | 11-12 April 2022 | Imran Khan is removed from office in a no-confidence motion | |||||||||
IPOR (IRI) | 21 March 2022 | 34% | 42% | 6% | 2% | 16% | 8% | ~1,900 | N/A[c] | ||
Gallup Pakistan | 31 January 2022 | 35% | 43% | 7% | 3% | 9% | 3% | 8% | ~3,100 | 31% | |
IPOR (IRI) | 9 January 2022 | 31% | 46% | 5% | 3% | 15% | 15% | 2,035 | N/A[c] | ||
IPOR (IRI) | 11 November 2020 | 26% | 39% | 5% | 2% | 27% | 1% | 13% | 1,089 | ||
2018 Elections | 25 July 2018 | ECP | 33.6% | 31.7% | 5.4% | 5.7% | 4.8% | 18.8% | 1.9% | 33,218,101 | N/A |
Directly elected NA seats from Punjab: 141 | 68 | 63 | 6 | O | 4 (PMLQ) | 0 | 5 | 141 | 33 women + 9 Non-Muslims= 44 Tot.:183 seats | ||
ECP 2024 delimitations for National Assembly seats from Punjab: 141 directly elected (general) + 32 for women = 173 seats |
Sindh
Polling firm | Last date of polling |
Link | PTI | PPP | MQM(P) | MMA | Other | Ind. | Lead | Sample size |
Undecideds & Non-voters[b] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA | 11 August 2023 | The Provincial Assembly is dissolved by Governor Kamran Tessori on the advice of Chief Minister Murad Ali Shah.[61] | |||||||||
Gallup Pakistan | 30 June 2023 | 43.4% | 42.2% | 2.4% | 1.2% | 10.8% | 1.2% | N/A | 17% | ||
Iris Communications | 5 April 2023 | 29.5% | 34.1% | 10.2% | 26.1% | 4.6% | 3,000 | 12% | |||
Sindh By-elections | 16 October 2022 | 50.0% | 25.6% | 12.5% | 0.15 | 11.8% | 24.4% | 146,470 | 1,493 | ||
NA-245 By-election | 21 August 2022 | [62] | 48.85% | 21.87% | 23.51 | 5.77 | 26.98% | 60,760 | 0.70% | ||
NA | 11-12 April 2022 | Imran Khan is removed from office in a no-confidence motion | |||||||||
IPOR (IRI) | 21 March 2022 | 17% | 44% | 5% | 34% | 27% | ~810 | N/A[c] | |||
Gallup Pakistan | 31 January 2022 | 30% | 34% | 3% | 3% | 28% | 2% | 4% | ~1,300 | 39% | |
IPOR (IRI) | 9 January 2022 | 13% | 44% | 7% | 36% | 31% | 867 | N/A[c] | |||
IPOR (IRI) | 11 November 2020 | 13% | 22% | 1% | 3% | 61% | 9% | 467 | N/A[c] | ||
2018 Elections | 25 July 2018 | ECP | 14.5% | 38.4% | 7.7% | 6.1% | 25.9% | 7.4% | 23.6% | 10,025,437 | N/A |
Directly elected NA seats from Sindh: 61 | 15 | 36 | 6 | 2(GDA) | 0 | 2 | 21 | 61 | Total:83 seats 13 women + 9 Non-Muslims= 22 | ||
ECP 2024 delimitations for National Assembly seats from Sindh: 61 directly elected (general) + 14 for women = 75 seats |
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Polling firm | Last date of polling |
Link | PTI | MMA | ANP | PML(N) | PPP | Other | Ind. | Lead | Sample size |
Undecideds & Non-voters[b] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallup Pakistan | 30 June 2023 | 81.2% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 14.1% | 2.4% | 0.0% | 67.1% | N/A | 15% | ||
Iris Communications | 5 April 2023 | 58.4% | 9.0% | 10.1% | 10.1% | 12.4% | 48.3% | 3,000 | 11% | |||
PA | 18 January 2023 | The Provincial Assembly is dissolved and a provincial snap election is called. | ||||||||||
KPK By-elections | 16 October 2022 | 53.3% | 41.9% | 4.8% | 11.4% | 445,604 | 6,994 | |||||
PK-7 By-election | 26 June 2022 | [63] | 52% | 44% | 2% | 8% | 33,573 | 2% | ||||
NA-33 By Election | 17 April 2022 | 48.8% | 42.8% | 8.4% | 6% | 43,148 | 537 | |||||
NA | 11-12 April 2022 | Imran Khan is removed from office in a no-confidence motion | ||||||||||
IPOR (IRI) | 21 March 2022 | 38% | 23% | 8% | 13% | 8% | 10% | 15% | ~600 | N/A[c] | ||
Gallup Pakistan | 31 January 2022 | 44% | 13% | 6% | 21% | 8% | 7% | 1% | 23% | ~970 | 28% | |
IPOR (IRI) | 9 January 2022 | 44% | 17% | 11% | 11% | 7% | 10% | 27% | 641 | N/A[c] | ||
IPOR (IRI) | 11 November 2020 | 34% | 8% | 3% | 12% | 4% | 26% | 21% | 331 | N/A[c] | ||
2018 Elections | 25 July 2018 | ECP | 39.3% | 18.9% | 9.3% | 10.7% | 7.5% | 3.5% | 10.8% | 20.4% | 6,611,287 | N/A |
Directly elected NA seats from Khybee Pakhtunkhwa: 51 | 37 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 30 | 51 | Tot. 63 seats (8 women + 4 Non-Muslims = 12) | |||
ECP 2024 Gen. Elections delimitations for National Assembly seats from K P. : 45 directly elected + 10 for women = 55 seats |
Balochistan
Polling firm | Last date of polling |
Link | BNP | PTI | NP | BAP | MMA | Other | Ind. | Lead | Sample size |
Undecideds & Non-voters[b] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA | 12 August 2023 | The Provincial Assembly is dissolved by Governor Abdul Wali Kakar on the advice of Chief Minister Abdul Quddus Bizenjo.[64] | ||||||||||
Iris Communications | 5 April 2023 | 21.0% | 16.0% | 16.0% | 11.1% | 35.8% | 5% | 3,000 | 19% | |||
2018 Elections | 25 July 2018 | ECP | 9.04% | 6.05% | 4.91% | 24.44% | 15.28 | 23.33% | 16.95% | 9.16% | 1,899,565 | 82,178 |
Directly elected NA seats from Balochistan: 16 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 1(JWP) | 1 | 16 | Total:24 seats (3 Non-Muslims +4 women =7) | |||
ECP 2024 delimitations for National Assembly seats from Balochistan: 16 directly elected (general) + 4 for women = 20 seats |
Islamabad Capital Territory
Polling firm | Last date of polling |
Link | PTI | PML(N) | PPP | TLP | MMA | Other | Ind. | Lead | Sample size |
Undecideds & Non-voters[b] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republic Policy. Islamabad District (3 NA seats) | 1-15 October 2023 | URL[65] | 67.0% | 17.0% | 3.0% | 4.0% | 3.0% | 6.0% | 50% | 1,250+ (50 Union Councils) | N/A | |
3 seats | 0 | 3 | ||||||||||
2018 Elections | 25 July 2018 | ECP | 48.24% | 24.88% | 12.58% | 4.66% | 3.72% | 1.28% | 4.64% | 23.36% | 445,827 | N/A |
Directly elected NA seats from Islamabad: 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Government approval rating
The results in this table show polls that surveyed whether people approved or disapproved of either the overall (not on a single issue) performance of the federal government in Islamabad or the Prime Minister's overall performance since 18 August 2018.
The same rounding restrictions that were given in the previous section do not apply here, so occasionally, results will add up to 101% or 99% due to rounding errors, and neutral respondents (when data is available for them) are counted in this table, unlike the last table.
Polling firm | Last date of polling |
Link | Approve | Neutral | Disapprove | DK/NA | Strongly approve |
Approve | Neutral | Disapprove | Strongly disapprove |
DK/NA | Net | Margin of error | Sample size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallup Pakistan | 21 February 2023 | [1] | 32% | N/A | 65% | 3% | 11% | 21% | N/A | 27% | 38% | 3% | -33% | ±3 - 5% | 1,760 |
NA | 11 April 2022 | Shehbaz Sharif is elected Prime Minister | |||||||||||||
10 April 2022 | Imran Khan is removed from office in a no-confidence motion | ||||||||||||||
Gallup Pakistan | 4 April 2022 | 46% | N/A | 54% | N/A | N/A | -8% | ±3 - 5% | ~800 | ||||||
Gallup Pakistan | 31 January 2022 | 36% | 14% | 48% | 3% | 15% | 21% | 14% | 18% | 30% | 3% | -12% | ±3 - 5% | 5,688 | |
Gallup Pakistan | 4 September 2021 | 48% | N/A | 45% | 7% | N/A | +3% | ±3 - 5% | ~1,200 | ||||||
Gallup Pakistan | 19 August 2020 | 38% | 30% | 31% | 2% | 22% | 16% | 30% | 13% | 18% | 2% | +7% | ±3 - 5% | 1,662 | |
IPOR (IRI) | 13 August 2020 | 38% | N/A | 54% | 7% | 16% | 22% | N/A | 17% | 37% | 7% | -16% | ±2.18% | 2,024 | |
Gallup Pakistan | 15 February 2020 | 32% | N/A | 66% | 1% | 8% | 24% | N/A | 19% | 47% | 1% | -34% | ±3 - 5% | 1,208 | |
Gallup Pakistan | 30 September 2019 | 45% | N/A | 53% | 2% | 15% | 32% | N/A | 16% | 37% | 2% | -8% | ±3 - 5% | 1,237 | |
Gallup Pakistan | 24 June 2019 | 45% | N/A | 53% | 2% | 21% | 24% | N/A | 32% | 21% | 2% | -8% | ±3 - 5% | ~1,400 | |
Gallup Pakistan | 29 December 2018 | 51% | N/A | 46% | 3% | 13% | 38% | N/A | 26% | 20% | 3% | +5% | ±2 - 3% | ~1,141 | |
IPOR (IRI) | 1 December 2018 | 47% | N/A | 27% | 26% | 17% | 30% | N/A | 18% | 9% | 26% | +20% | ±2.17% | 2,041 | |
Pulse Consultant | 28 November 2018 | HTML | 51% | N/A | 30% | 19% | N/A | +21% | ±2.07% | 2,019 | |||||
IPOR (IRI) | 22 November 2018 | 56% | N/A | 40% | 5% | 16% | 40% | N/A | 28% | 12% | 5% | +16% | ±2.05% | 3,991 |
Notes
- ^ Certain polls only include data for the JUI(F) instead of the MMA, and in those cases data for the JUI(F) is used because the JUI(F) is the largest constituent party of the MMA and makes up most of its base.
- ^ a b c d e f This is a column that lists the percentage of undecided voters and non-voters in certain polls that publish this data. As some polls do not publish any data whatsoever on undecided voters and non-voters, the columns with survey participants that had a preference when polled are all that is needed to reach 100%. In surveys that do include data on non-voters and undecided voters, a scaling factor is applied to the margin of error and the rest of the data (for example, if the number of undecideds and non-voters equals 20%, each party would have their vote share scaled up by a factor of 100/80 (the formula is 100/(100-UndecidedPercentage)). This is done to keep consistency between the different polls and the different types data they provide.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k This poll or crosstabulation did not include any data about undecided voters or non-voters and cut them out completely from the published results.
References
- ^ "Elections 2024: The Minority Vote In Sindh". The Friday Times. 2023-11-27. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
- ^ Reporter, The Newspaper's Staff (2018-08-12). "List of MNAs elected on reserved seats for women, minorities". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
- ^ Guramani, Arif Hayat | Nadir (2023-12-02). "Gohar Ali Khan elected unopposed as new PTI chairman in intra-party polls". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
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- ^ Malik, Mansoor (2022-11-04). "Attempt on Imran Khan's life shocks nation". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
- ^ Dawn.com (2022-07-17). "'Imran Khan has arrived': Journalists, politicians congratulate PTI on Punjab by-polls". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
- ^ "Pakistan: Shehbaz Sharif chosen as PM after week-long uncertainty". BBC News. 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
- ^ Chaudhry, Dawn com | Fahad (2022-04-09). "Imran Khan loses no-trust vote, prime ministerial term comes to unceremonious end". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
- ^ Taimoor, Adnan Sheikh | Muhammad (2019-11-19). "Nawaz Sharif travels to London from Lahore in air ambulance". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
- ^ Dawn.com (2018-08-18). "Imran Khan ─ from flamboyant cricketer to prime minister". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
- ^ Chaudhry, Dawn com | Fahad (2018-07-26). "'Naya Pakistan' imminent: PTI leads in slow count of 11th general elections vote". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
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- ^ https://republicpolicy.com/an-overview-of-the-methodology-of-the-survey-of-republic-policy/
- ^ https://republicpolicy.com/pti-is-the-most-popular-political-party-in-the-province-of-punjab-an-overview-of-the-survey-report-of-republic-policy/
- ^ "https://twitter.com/republicpolicy/status/1735272614707232807?t=0vuby36aeZMqRhmBeRn1Zg&s=19". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 2023-12-14.
{{cite web}}
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(help)|title=
- ^ "Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
- ^ "Log in or sign up to view". m.facebook.com. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
- ^ https://x.com/republicpolicy/status/1735317905837814132?t=zqiJ0kmUMbHch91NYGWbyA&s=09
- ^ https://twitter.com/republicpolicy/status/1736784098528805146?t=nIxkPgA0Grpl8RmIfONLUg&s=19
- ^ https://twitter.com/republicpolicy/status/1736794986400952555?t=y13e-JIbMAtGVHYdxPEc_g&s=19
- ^ https://twitter.com/republicpolicy/status/1736806683501113568?t=MH-Rn0LrItjf50I4mUW5Mw&s=19
- ^ https://twitter.com/republicpolicy/status/1736800334637674943?t=yPP52FzEB_r0epAgswMacQ&s=19
- ^ https://twitter.com/republicpolicy/status/1736779863837811191?t=3NZBmrxNp46veBUv-Nh3VA&s=19
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