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Smin

  • Ye-Thin-Yan
  • သမိန် ရဲသင်ရံ
Native name
သၟိင် ရတ္တသံင်ရံာ
Bornc. 1340s
Martaban Kingdom
Died
Khebaung, Hanthawaddy Kingdom
AllegianceRoyal Hanthawaddy Armed Forces
Years of servicec. 1370s–1414
RankGeneral
Battles / wars
This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script.

Smin Ye-Thin-Yan (Template:Lang-mnw;[1] Template:Lang-my, Burmese pronunciation: [θəmèiɴ jɛ́ θìɰ̃ jàɰ̃]; also transliterated as Re Thinran;[2] c. 1340s–1414) was a Hanthawaddy court minister and military commander during the reigns of kings Binnya U and Razadarit of Hanthawaddy. The minister-general held several key defensive commands during the Forty Years' War against the northern kingdom of Ava until he fell in action in 1414. King Razadarit called Ye-Thin-Yan the best defensive commander to have ever served in his service.

Early life and career

Little is known about Ye-Thin-Yan's early life except that he was a childhood friend and comrade of Viceroy Sam Lek of Donwun,[3] who was appointed to the post in 1371.[4][5] The first mention of Ye-Thin-Yan in the Razadarit Ayedawbon chronicle is in 1383 when he was already one of the four senior ministers (alongside Smin Maru, Smin Zeik-Bye and Smin Yawgarat) at the court of King Binnya U in Pegu (Bago).[6]

He initially belonged to the court faction led by the king's sister Princess Maha Dewi, the de facto power behind the throne.[6] When the king's eldest son Prince Binnya Nwe raised a rebellion, Ye-Thin-Yan dutifully served as a deputy commander in Maru's expedition force sent to put it down.[7] However, after their regiment was driven back by Nwe's small contingent in November 1383, he and Yawgarat switched their allegiance to the Zeik-Bye faction that secretly supported Nwe.[8][9] Their pro-Nwe faction successfully put the prince on the throne after King Binnya U died in January 1384.[10]

In Razadarit's service

Early reign

Ye-Thin-Yan made his name in the battles of Hlaing (1386–1387) and Donwun (1387–1388)

Ye-Thin-Yan proved to be a lifelong loyalist of the new king, now known by his regnal title, Razadarit. He steadfastly supported the king in the decades-long war against the northern kingdom of Ava. He first made his name during Ava's 1386–1387 invasion when he served as the deputy commander of the 500-strong regiment led by Dein Mani-Yut that successfully defended Hlaing (Taikkyi) against much larger Ava forces.[11][12]

He was also instrumental in the capture of Donwun by the Hanthawaddy army in the following dry season. According to the Razadarit Ayedawbon chronicle, when the Hanthawaddy army could not take the heavily fortified city for months, Razadarit sent Ye-Thin-Yan on a mission to get the city's gates opened. The scheme called for Ye-Thin-Yan to deceive his childhood friend and thwethauk[note 1] comrade Sam Lek, the viceroy of Donwun. As the story goes, Ye-Thin-Yan and 300 men showed up at the gates of Donwun, pretending to have defected. Ye-Thin-Yan also presented a sack of gold and silver, which he claimed to have taken from the royal treasury. Sam Lek was initially skeptical but he was finally persuaded by his thwethauk comrade, and let the defectors in.[3] Once inside, the men bided their time until the predetermined date and time when Razadarit's forces attacked from the outside. They then attacked from the inside, and opened the gates. The city finally fell, and Sam Lek was killed.[13][14]

Later years

At the turn of the 15th century, Ye-Thin-Yan continued to be part of Razadarit's inner circle, serving primarily as an adviser. His military career essentially winded down after 1401–1402 when he commanded a naval flotilla that invaded Ava in 1401–1402.[15] The old minister did not go to the front again afterwards for the next dozen years. The only commands he held were defensive in nature. He was twice entrusted to guard the capital Pegu while Razadarit left for the front with the main army during the 1408 and 1409–1410 campaigns. Ye-Thin-Yan did not see any action in either case.[16]

Last Battle

Representation of Crown Prince Minye Kyawswa, whose forces Ye-Thin-Yan fought in 1414

The old general was to return to active duty in 1414, however. By then, the tide of war had decidedly turned to Ava's favor under the leadership of Crown Prince Minye Kyawswa,[17] and two senior Hanthawaddy commanders Byat Za and Lagun Ein had fallen.[18] Ye-Thin-Yan was assigned to defend Khebaung, Hanthawaddy's main frontline fort that guarded the invasion route to the Irrawaddy delta.[note 2]

The battle began in October 1414. Minye Kyawswa sent an 8000-strong army (8 regiments, 600 cavalry, 40 war elephants), and a naval flotilla carrying 13,000 troops. Ava forces attacked for five consecutive days but could not break through. Meanwhile, Ye-Thin-Yan motivated his troops by "handing out awards, and making displays with swords and shield at every portal to the stirring sound of war drums."[19][20] When Ava forces resumed their attack a few days later, those that got past the fort's moat were cut down while trying to scale the walls. The attack was called off after three hours.[note 3]

The reprieve was short-lived. Ava forces again returned a few days later, with Minye Kyawswa himself leading the attack. The crown prince had declared that anyone who failed to charge would be executed. The crown prince and his elite 800 troops then led the charge. After half an hour of fierce fighting,[note 4] Ava forces finally breached the fort's walls. The fighting continued inside, and Ye-Thin-Yan died in action.[20][21]

When informed about the fall of Khebaung and the old general's death, a shaken Razadarit remarked that Ye-Thin-Yan was the best defensive commander ever in his service while Byat Za and Lagun Ein were the best ever offensive commanders.[2][20][22]

Military service

The following is a list of military campaigns in which Ye-Thin-Yan is explicitly mentioned in the chronicles as a commander.

Campaign Duration Troops commanded[note 5] Notes
Binnya Nwe's rebellion 1383 1000 troops Smin Ye-Thin-Yan and Smin Yawgarat served under Smin Maru in the 1000-strong vanguard regiment.
Ava's second invasion 1386–1387 500 troops Commanded 500 troops in the battle of Hlaing (Taikkyi) under the command of Dein Mani-Yut[11]
Martaban 1387–1388 300 troops
1000 troops 		Commanded 300 troops in the battle of Donwun;[23] Commanded a regiment (1000 troops) in the 5000-strong vanguard division that was defeated in the battle of Martaban[24]
Ava 1390–1391 1000 troops Commanded one of the eight regiments (8000 troops) that defended Fort Pankyaw.
Naval siege of Ava 1401–1402 1 flotilla Commanded one rearguard flotilla alongside other rearguard flotillas commanded by Dein and Smin Byat-hat-baik.[15]
Pegu 1408 ? Commanded the force that guarded the capital Pegu while the king left for the front[25]
Pegu 1409–1410 ? Commanded the force that guarded the capital Pegu while the king left for the front[26]
Battle of Khebaung 1414 ? Killed in action[20][22]

Notes

  1. ^ (Harvey 1925: 178): thwethauk was a "blood-bond, a sacramental brotherhood of some round table as it were."
  2. ^ (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 247): Ava's battle plan was to conquer Khebaung; take Bassein (Pathein) and Myaungmya in the delta; move east and conquer Dala-Twante and Dagon; and finally take Pegu (Bago).
  3. ^ (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 248): The battle lasted about 1 baho (3 hours).
  4. ^ (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 248) and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 23): Ava troops got past the moat, and reached near the wall. They were able to burn down a portion of the wall. In all, it took one nayi (24 minutes) to breach the defenses.
  5. ^ Chronicle reported troop levels reduced by an order of magnitude per (Harvey 1925: 333–336)

References

  1. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 395
  2. ^ a b Fernquest 2006: 9
  3. ^ a b Pan Hla 2005: 172
  4. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 61
  5. ^ Shorto 2002: 578
  6. ^ a b Pan Hla 2005: 125
  7. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 152
  8. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 153–154
  9. ^ Fernquest Spring 2006: 6
  10. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 161
  11. ^ a b Pan Hla 2005: 169–170
  12. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 297
  13. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 173
  14. ^ Fernquest 2006: 7
  15. ^ a b Pan Hla 2005: 205
  16. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 263, 269
  17. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 22
  18. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 12–14
  19. ^ Fernquest 2006: 17
  20. ^ a b c d Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 248
  21. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 22–23
  22. ^ a b Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 23
  23. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 172–173
  24. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 174
  25. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 263
  26. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 269

Bibliography

  • Fernquest, Jon (Spring 2006). "Rajadhirat's Mask of Command: Military Leadership in Burma (c. 1384–1421)" (PDF). SBBR. 4 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2009.
  • Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
  • Kala, U (2006) [1724]. Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
  • Maha Sithu (2012) [1798]. Myint Swe; Kyaw Win; Thein Hlaing (eds.). Yazawin Thit (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2nd printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
  • Pan Hla, Nai (2005) [1968]. Razadarit Ayedawbon (in Burmese) (8th printing ed.). Yangon: Armanthit Sarpay.
  • Royal Historical Commission of Burma (2003) [1832]. Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3. Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
  • Shorto, H.L. (2002). "The 32 Myos in the medieval Mon Kingdom". In Vladimir I. Braginsky (ed.). Classical civilisations of South East Asia: an anthology of articles. Routledge. ISBN 9780700714100.
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