Porto Novo Iron Works
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| Porto Novo Iron Works | |
|---|---|
 Porto Novo Iron Works c. 1848 | |
 | |
| Built | 1830 |
| Operated | 1830 |
| Location | Porto Novo (Parangipettai), South Arcot (Cuddalore District), Madras Presidency (Tamil nadu), India |
| Industry | Iron and Steel |
| Products | Iron, Pig iron |
| Owner(s) | Josiah Marshall Heath (Founder) |
| Defunct | 1874[1] |
Porto Novo Iron Works known subsequently as the Indian Steel and Iron company, Porto Novo Iron Company or Porto Novo Steel and Iron Company was a historic iron and steel plant in southern India founded in 1830 by Josiah Marshall Heath and later taken over by the East India Company. The factory was initially located at Porto Novo, now known as Parangipettai, in South Arcot District of Tamil Nadu but later moved to Beypore on the west coast of India.[2] Iron and steel from the plant was used to construct the railway stations at Madras central and Egmore stations and was also exported to Sheffield.[3] The company was dissolved in 1874.
History
Heath had worked in Salem as part of the East India Company as commercial resident. His first encounter with Indian methods of iron and steel making were prompted when a friend in northern India sought shot for hunting guns.[4] He also lived in the Nilgiris during summers and he had noted that the native steel-making process (including that of Wootz[5]) was defective and yet produced fine cutlery. In 1818 J. M. Heath of the East India Company was stationed at Porto Novo and he proposed that if European processes were used, good quality steel could be produced from the ores obtained from Salem and that this production could be of importance to Imperial power.[6] Heath was supported by Thomas Munro and Alexander and Co. of Calcutta and in 1825 he resigned from the Madras civil service and decided to establish a iron plant. He went back to England to study steel making[7] and returned to India to set up some the early works at Porto Novo in 1830[3] and it was called the Porto Novo Iron Works but this plant was only able to produce pig iron as he only had access to charcoal and limited infrastructure[7]. He had chosen the location as it was close to Salem where there was iron ore and it was connected by the Vellar river and the Khan Sahib canal (which had been opened in 1854) to the Kollidam. He then proposed to the Governor of Madras, Sir Frederick Adam in 1824 that a better factory could be established with government assistance to obtain ores and fuel. He received rights to ores over the Madras Presidency and was given a monopoly for steel manufacture for 21 years in the districts of North- and South-Arcot, Trichinopoly, Salem, Coimbatore and Malabar. The factory was renamed as the Indian Iron and Steel Company in 1833 with Parry and Company being the main sponsors.[3] Some of the products produced for the Indian market included ploughs, 400 of which were sold to the Bombay Presidency in 1837.[8] Furnaces, forges and rolling mills were initially built at Porto Novo but after the 1855 it moved to Beypore on the west coast where the first Bessemer converters were installed.[7][9][10]
Heath had examined ideas by Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur and Benjamin Huntsman and made trials of steel making with manganese. In 1839 he obtained a patent for his process and several foundries in Sheffield began to make use of Heath's patented method.[11][3] The result was malleable and weldable iron and he made money selling his manganese carburet in packets. There were litigations when he altered his process and licensors refused to pay him royalty claiming that they process they were using was not what his patent stated.[12] With support from the Madras government under Munro[13] and he was able to prospect for magnetite in Salem and later he obtained leases to explore in Baramahal. In 1834 he received rights to obtain iron ore in Canara for 21 years. In 1838 he hired Robert Brunton who had trained in Tusey and Treveray to assist in the smelting process. Brunton brought in Foster-Avery steam engines to power the rolling machinery.[14] The company however incurred great losses and in 1849 Heath returned to England and he died in 1851 at Sheffield. One of the factors that had been missed was the cost of fuel. Charcoal required a great deal of wood. Heath had cut down vast swathes of forest for the production of charcoal. In 1853 the Madras Government took over the loss-making factory[10] and in 1855 it was called the East India Iron Company.[3] In 1854, the shift of the factory to Beypore was largely made due to the lack of availability of wood for charcoal.[15][16][17] In 1859 1000 tons of iron was shipped to Sheffield and it was used in the production of steel that went into the Britannia tubular and Menai bridges.[15]
A factory at Palampatti was closed down in 1858. The factories at Porto Novo and Beypore closed in 1864 and the company was formally dissolved in 1874.[15]
References
- ^ Criminal Capital: Violence, Corruption and Class in Industrial India. A Routledge India Orginal. 14 April 2016. ISBN 978-1-315-46659-0.Pg. No. 1988
- ^ Indian Engineering. Calcutta. 3 December 1887. vol 2, pages 368-369
- ^ a b c d e "Large-scale iron and steel production in the Coromandel: the earliest and longest survived Porto Novo Iron Works (1830–1859)" (PDF). John Henry Garstin.
- ^ Kochhar, Rajesh (2017). "Zinc, steel and rocketry: Western mainstreaming of empirical Indian technologies". Current Science. 113 (9): 1792–1796. ISSN 0011-3891. JSTOR 26493326.
- ^ Heath, J. M (1838). "Art. XXVIII.—On Indian Iron and Steel; in a Letter addressed to the Secretary to the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 5 (10): 390–397. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00015379. ISSN 1356-1863.
- ^ Maylor, W (1896). "The manufacture of iron and steel in southern India". Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 126 (1896): 383–386. doi:10.1680/imotp.1896.19497. ISSN 1753-7843.
- ^ a b c Manual of the South Arcot District. John Henry Garstin on 1878. 1878. Pg. No. 441
- ^ Heath, J.M. (1843). "Letter from J. M. Heath, Esq., on the Introduction of the American Plough into India". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 7 (13): 92–97. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00155716. ISSN 1356-1863.
- ^ Raju, A. Sarada (1941). Economic conditions in the Madras Presidency 1800-1850. University of Madras. pp. 156–160.
- ^ a b "The Porto Novo Iron Works". Vol. XXVIII No. 3, May 16-31, 2018, Madras Musings
- ^ Marshall Heath, Josiah (1850). "Improvements in the manufacture of steel". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 50 (5): 338–340. doi:10.1016/0016-0032(50)90192-X.
- ^ Bessemer, Henry (1865). "On the manufacture of cast steel, its progress, and employment as a substitute for wrought iron". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 80 (6): 387–397. doi:10.1016/0016-0032(65)90257-7.
- ^ Fraser, Lovat N. (1919). Iron and steel in India. A chapter from the life of Jamshedji N. Tata. Bombay: Times Press. pp. 4–8.
- ^ Raman, Anantanarayanan (2017). "Large-scale iron and steel production in the Coromandel: the earliest and longest survived Porto Novo Iron Works (1830–1859)". Current Science. 113 (5): 984–989. ISSN 0011-3891. JSTOR 26293971.
- ^ a b c Thomas, Dolly (2019). "Porto Novo Iron Works- Retelling the Story of a Failed Industrial Enterprise of 19th Century Madras and its Impact" (PDF). Journal of Indian History and Culture (25): 157–183.
- ^ Brandis, Dietrich (1883). Forest administration in the Madras Presidency. pp. 55–58.
- ^ Brush, John E. (1952). "The Iron and Steel Industry in India". Geographical Review. 42 (1): 37–55. Bibcode:1952GeoRv..42...37B. doi:10.2307/211250. ISSN 0016-7428. JSTOR 211250.