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Myinsaing
မြင်စိုင်း | |
|---|---|
  Myinsaing Location in Myanmar | |
| Coordinates: 21°36′N 96°12′E / 21.600°N 96.200°E[note 1] | |
| Country |  Myanmar |
| Region | Mandalay |
| District | Kyaukse District |
| Township | Kyaukse Township |
| Time zone | UTC+6.30 (MMT) |
Myinsaing (Burmese: မြင်စိုင်း, pronounced [mjɪ̀ɰ̃ záɪɰ̃]; also transliterated as Myinzaing) is a town, located about 7 km (4.3 mi) east of Kyaukse, Myanmar.[2] It was one of the three de facto capitals of the rump Pagan Kingdom from 1297 to 1310 during the Myinsaing period. In the present-day, Myinsaing is part of the Kyaukse District situated on the road to the Kyaukse Industrial Zone.
History
Myinsaing was a mere village during the reign of King Narathihapate of Pagan (r. 1256–1287).[3] It was part of the irrigated districts of Kyaukse,[note 2] some of which were founded in the reign of King Sithu II (r. 1176–1211).[4] The village emerged as an important power center after the First Mongol invasions toppled the Pagan Empire in 1287. Its rise was entirely due to the emergence of three of its native sons—the brothers Athinkhaya, Yazathingyan and Thihathu—as the power brokers in the postwar era. The new king of Pagan, Kyawswa (r. 1289–1297) subsequently appointed the brothers governors of Myinsaing, Mekkhaya and Pinle, respectively. By 1293, Myinsaing was a myo (district-level town), governed by a royal governor, Athinkhaya.[note 3]
Myinsaing became the de facto capital of the kingdom after the brothers overthrew Kyawswa in 1297.[7][8][9] The brothers placed a puppet king on the Pagan throne but they were the real powers, ruling from their respective fiefs—Myinsaing, Mekkhaya and Pinle. In the beginning, Myinsaing was the first among the equals. Indeed, it was Myinsaing that Mongols laid siege to in 1301 when they attempted to put their nominee Kumara Kassapa on the Pagan throne. Myinsaing's defenses withstood a two and a half month siege by the Mongols who ultimately withdrew after receiving a bribe.[note 4] Myinsaing's premier status ended in 1310 when Athinkhaya died. The youngest brother Thihathu, based out of Pinle, emerged as the undisputed power, and chose to build a new capital at Pinya in 1313.[13]
In the Pinya and early Ava periods, Myinsaing continued to be an important governorship, held by the closest members of the royalty. Myinsaing's governor Sithu took over as the regent of the kingdom between 1340 and 1344.[14]
Certainly the 19th century, Myinsaing was no longer a royal governorship. It was governed by a mayor, myothugyi[15] although it apparently continued to be a fief awarded to members of the royal family. Myinsaing's last feudal lord was Prince Thado Minye Yanshein, who after the Third Anglo-Burmese War continued the fight against the British occupation forces until his death in 1886.[16]
Today, Myinsaing is part of the Kyaukse Township. The old Myinsaing site is located about 7 km (4.3 mi) east of the Kyaukse town, or about five minutes' drive from the Kyaukse city hall.[17]
Transport
Myinsaing is part of the greater Kyaukse road network. It is connected to Highway 1 via the Kyaukse 15th Street exit.[17]
research
- Kyaukse was the administrative capital of the Nine Irrigated Districts
- Traces of the old walls of Myinsaing as well as two large but much damaged pagodas survived to the start of the British occupation (BG-A-156)
Notes
- ^ Based on the geo coordinates of the Myinsaing Nan Oo Pagoda.[1]
- ^ Kyaukse was the administrative center of the nine irrigated districts (ko khayaing), which were sub-divided into the five districts (along the Zawgyi River) and the four districts (along the Panlaung River.)[4]
- ^ It may have become a myo as early as 1289 but a 1293 confirms the statuses of Myinsaing, Mekkhaya and Pinle. Chronicle narratives are as follows:
- The Maha Yazawin chronicle (1724) says Yazathingyan was appointed governor of Myinsaing by King Kyawswa.[5]
- The Yazawin Thit (1798) says Athinkhaya was appointed governor by Kyawswa.[3].
- The Hmannan Yazawin (1832) accepts the Yazawin Thit's correction.[6]
- ^ On 6 April 1301, upon receiving a bribe of 800 taels (30 kg) of gold and 2200 taels (83 kg) of silver, the Mongol army began their withdrawal.[10][11][12]
References
- ^ "Myinsaing Nan Oo Pagoda". Google Maps. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
- ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 154, footnote 5
- ^ a b Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 154
- ^ a b Burma Gazetteer 1925: 156
- ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 254
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 361
- ^ Than Tun 1959: 119, 121–122
- ^ Htin Aung 1967: 74
- ^ Aung-Thwin 2017: 25–26
- ^ Than Tun 1959: 122
- ^ Than Tun 1964: 137
- ^ Harvey 1925: 77
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 369–370
- ^ Than Tun 1959: 124
- ^ Burma Gazetter 1925: 121
- ^ Mya Myintzu, et al 2020: 116, 120
- ^ a b Than Naing Oo 2017
Bibliography
- Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2017). Myanmar in the Fifteenth Century. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6783-6.
- Hla Pe (2015) [1965]. Arthur Thomas Hatto (ed.). An Enquiry Into the Theme of Lovers' Meetings and Partings at Dawn in Poetry. De Gruyter. ISBN 9783111703602.
- Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
- Kala, U (2006) [1724]. Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
- Maha Sithu (2012) [1798]. Kyaw Win; Thein Hlaing (eds.). Yazawin Thit (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2nd ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
- Mya Myintzu; Moe Moe Pyone; Kyaw Min (2020). "Prince Myinzaing and Early Armed Resistance Movements". Meiktila University Research Journal. XI (1). Meiktila: Meiktila University.
- Neild, Ralph; Searle, H.F.; Stewart, J.A. (1925). "Kyaukse District". Burma Gazetteer. A. Rangoon: Government Printing and Stationery, Burma.
- Royal Historical Commission of Burma (2003) [1832]. Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3. Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
- Tein Taman (27 September 2020). "မြင်စိုင်းနန်းဦးစေတီတွင် ရှေးဟောင်းဇာတ်တော် စဉ့်ကွင်းများနှင့် စဉ့်ကွင်းစာများကို ယနေ့တိုင်လေ့လာနိုင်" (in Burmese). Myanmar Digital News.
- Than Naing Oo (27 May 2017). "ကျောက်ဆည်လွင်ပြင်ထဲက မြင်စိုင်း". The Irrawaddy.
- Than Tun (December 1959). "History of Burma: A.D. 1300–1400". Journal of Burma Research Society. XLII (II).
- Than Tun (1964). Studies in Burmese History (in Burmese). Vol. 1. Yangon: Maha Dagon.