Channel surfing
Channel surfing (Also known as Channel Hopping in certain areas) is the practice of quickly scanning through different television channels or radio frequencies in order to find something interesting to watch or listen to. Modern viewers, who may have cable or satellite services beaming down dozens if not hundreds of channels, are frequently caught channel surfing. It is common for people to scan channels when commercial broadcasters switch from a show over to running advertisements.
The term is most commonly associated with television, where the practice became common with the wide availability of the remote control. As of 2002, the Oxford English Dictionary dates the first published use of the term to a November 1986 article in the Wall Street Journal.
The term has some connotations relating to laziness, inattentiveness, and hyperactivity. Channel surfing has been parodied on TV shows and in film, such as in the movie Toy Story 2, and several times on The Simpsons. Channel surfing is also used as an effect to move between sketches in some sketch comedies, such as History Bites and Robot Chicken. It has also been noted that men tend to channel surf more than women, although that is not to say that women don't channel surf.[citation needed]
Viewers' propensity to channel surf was apparently a factor leading toward the current ATSC standard for terrestrial digital television in North America. An ATSC signal can be locked onto and start being decoded within about one second, while it can take several seconds to begin decoding a DVB signal.
Zappers
Zappers are, according to media scholar Henry Jenkins, people who have a casual relationship with their televisions. Zappers do not remain on one channel for long, but continually skip from show to show, stopping for only a few minutes at a time on a particular channel (Jenkins 2006:74).
History
Referred to in Henry Jenkins' book, Convergence Culture, published in 2006. It describes individuals who "constantly flit across the dial—watching snippets of shows rather than sitting down for a prolonged engagement" (Jenkins 2006:75). More of a tendency then a defining characteristic, zappers can fluctuate from the habit, depending on what is on at any given time, personal feelings toward a show, amongst other variables. The concept was overstated in the 1990s when Phillip Swann "wrote in TV.com: How Television is Shaping Our Future: ‘Few viewers today can sit through an entire program without picking up the remote and checking out another channel . . . Today’s viewer needs constant gratification: If she’s not entertained or intrigued for any stretch of time, she will flip the dial'" (Jenkins 2006:75).
Media implications
After Initiative Media published its magazine The Initiative declaring that loyal fans are more valuable than zappers, networks attempted to combat the zapper by increasing the personal appeal of their shows, converting a zapper into a loyal fan (Jenkins 2006:75). This has led to a movement to slow down the zapper. Reality television has been suggested to be this bridge from zapper to loyal fan, being "built up of 'attractions,' short, highly emotionally charged units that can be watched in or out of sequence" (Jenkins 2006:77). American Idol is one such show, as it is "designed to pull in every possible viewer and to give each a reason not to change the channel" (Jenkins 2006:77). This technique has been perfected in American Idol via the cliffhanger commercial breaks and ending, convincing viewers to "stay tuned following these messages" or watch the show the next time it airs (Jenkins 2006:77).
External links
- The Initiative. (9):6-12, Oct/Nov 2006.
- Official Blog of Henry Jenkins
- Convergence Culture--Written reviews of the book.
- Channel Surfing Guide
References
Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence Culture, New York: New York University Press. ISBN-10: 0-8147-4281-5