Exabyte
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An exabyte (derived from the SI prefix exa-) is a unit of information or computer storage equal to one quintillion bytes. It is commonly abbreviated EB. When used with byte multiples, the SI prefix may indicate a power of either 1000 or 1024, so the exact number may be either:
- 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes — 10006, or 1018; or
- 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes — 10246, or 260.
The term exbibyte, using a binary prefix, has been proposed as an unambiguous reference to the latter value.
Theoretically, 64-bit microprocessors found in many computers can allocate up to 16 exabytes of RAM to a program.[1]
According to CSIRO, in the next decade, astronomers expect to be processing 10 million gigabytes of data every hour from the Square Kilometre Array telescope.[2] The array is thus expected to generate approximately one exabyte every four days of operation.
"All words ever spoken"
A popular expression claims that "all words ever spoken by human beings" could be stored in approximately 5 exabytes of data,[3][4][5] often citing a project at the UC Berkeley School of Information in support.[6] The 2003 University of California Berkeley report credits the estimate to the website of Caltech researcher Roy Williams, where the statement can be found as early as May 1999.[7] This statement has been criticized.[8][9] Mark Liberman calculated the storage requirements for all human speech at 42 zettabytes, if digitized as 16 kHz 16-bit audio, although he did "freely confess that maybe the authors [of the exabyte estimate] were thinking about text."[10]
Earlier Berkeley studies estimated that by the end of 1999, the sum of human-produced information (including all audio, video recordings and text/books) was about 12 exabytes of data.[11] The 2003 Berkeley report stated that in 2002 alone, "telephone calls worldwide on both landlines and mobile phones contained 17.3 exabytes of new information if stored in digital form" and that "it would take 9.25 exabytes of storage to hold all U.S. [telephone] calls each year."[6] International Data Corporation estimates that approximately 160 exabytes of digital information were created, captured, and replicated worldwide in 2006.[12]
Exaflood
The word exabyte is the basis for the term exaflood, a neologism created by Bret Swanson of the Discovery Institute in a January 2007 Wall Street Journal editorial.[13] Exaflood refers to the rapidly increasing torrent of data transmitted over the Internet. The amount of information people upload, download and share on the Internet is growing (due in large part to video, audio and photo applications) at an exponential rate, while the capacity of the Internet, its bandwidth, is limited and susceptible to a "flood" of data equal to multiple exabytes. "One exabyte is the equivalent of about 50,000 years of DVD quality video."[14]
In fiction
- In the movie Ocean's Thirteen, The Bank Hotel and Casino's advanced AI security system, "The Greco", is said to process game winners' reactions "in a field of exabytes". Danny Ocean (George Clooney) goes on to ask what's an exabyte, whereupon Rusty (Brad Pitt) explains, "a million terabytes."
- In the Star Trek: Enterprise] episode "Chosen Realm",[15] the alien D'Jamat deletes "19.3 XB" of Delphic Expanse telemetry data from the central computer. Presumably XB refers to exabytes, though the correct abbreviation is EB.
See also
References
- ^ "A brief history of virtual storage and 64-bit addressability". Retrieved 2007-02-17.
- ^ "From molecules to the Milky Way: dealing with the data deluge". Retrieved 2007-11-10.
- ^ Verlyn Klinkenborg (November 12, 2003). "Trying to Measure the Amount of Information That Humans Create". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-07-19. (login)
- ^ "How many bytes for..." techtarget.com. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
- ^ "'Robbie the Robot' making data easier to mine". purdue.edu. December 6, 2005. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
- ^ a b "How Much Information? 2003". berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
- ^ Roy Williams. "Data Powers of Ten". Archived from the original on 1999-05-08. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
- ^ Mark Liberman (November 12, 2003). "More on the 5 exabyte mistake". upenn.edu. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
- ^ Brian Carnell (December 31, 2003). "How Much Storage Is Required to Store Every Word Ever Spoken by Human Beings?". brian.carnell.com. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
- ^ Mark Liberman (November 3, 2003). "Zettascale Linguistics". upenn.edu. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
- ^ Juan Enriquez (2003). "The Data That Defines Us". CIO Magazine. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Brian Bergstein (March 5, 2007). "So much data, relatively little space". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
- ^ Bret Swanson (January 20, 2007). "The Coming Exaflood". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
- ^ Grant Gross (November 24, 2007). "Internet Could Max Out in 2 Years, Study Says". PC World. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
- ^ STARTREK.COM : Episode