Le Mans Prototype
A Le Mans Prototype (commonly abbreviated as LMP) is a type of custom-built race car intended for sports car racing and endurance racing, most notably used in the 24 Hours of Le Mans, American Le Mans Series and Le Mans Series. Created by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO), they are the fastest closed-wheel racing cars used in circuit racing today, considered a class above production-based grand tourer cars which compete alongside them. Their cost and technology makes them comparable to Formula One cars, including reaching higher maximum speeds than Formula One.
Although most commonly known as Le Mans Prototypes, these types of cars have used various names depending on the series in which they compete. The FIA's equivalent cars were referred to as Sports Racers (SR) or Sports Racing Prototypes (SRP). The American IMSA GT Championship termed their cars World Sports Cars (WSC), while the short-lived United States Road Racing Championship used the classic Can-Am (CA) name for their prototypes. Since 2004, all series have switched to referring to these cars as Le Mans Prototypes.
History
The first use of what would become Le Mans Prototypes was at the 1992 24 Hours of Le Mans. In an attempt to increase the number of entrants beyond the small field of Group C competitors that the World Sportscar Championship had to offer, older Porsche 962s were allowed entry in Category 3. To further increase the size of the field, small open-cockpit race cars using production road car engines which were raced in small national championships were allowed in Category 4. Only 3 cars (a Debora-Alfa Romeo, a Ren-Car Peugeot and a WR-Peugeot) were entered, with all failing to run more than a few hours.
However at the end of 1992, the World Sportscar Championship as well as the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship would collapse, leaving the expensive Group C prototypes little competition outside of Le Mans. With Group C being phased out, the ACO chose to allow production-based race cars to enter for the first time in many years, while at the same time creating the Le Mans Prototype (LMP) class. The cars continued to use the same formula as they had in 1992, but the ACO later announced their intentions to completely replace the Group C cars with Le Mans Prototypes in 1994. Two classes would be created, with LMP1s running large displacement custom-built engines that were usually turbocharged, and LMP2 using the smaller displacement production-based engines. Both classes would be required to have open cockpits. At the same time, the IMSA GT Championship announced the end of their closed cockpit GTP and Lights classes, deciding as well to replace them with a single open-cockpit class of World Sports Cars equivalent to LMP1.
This formula would continue through until 1996, with many manufacturers embracing the LMP and WSC classes, including Ferrari, Porsche, and Mazda. In 1997, the first European series based around Le Mans Prototypes would be launched, known as the International Sports Racing Series. Using classes similar to LMP1/WSC and LMP2, these cars would be known as SR1 and SR2 by the FIA. 1998 would see the creation of another series of Le Mans Prototypes, with the new United States Road Racing Championship attempting to break away from the IMSA GT Championship. To differ from IMSA'S WSC class, the USRRC named their open-cockpit prototypes as Can-Am in an attempt to resurrect the sportscar championship of the 1970s. However the USRRC would collapse before the end of 1999, with the series becoming the Rolex Sports Car Series who chose to use the FIA's SR1 and SR2 formula instead.
1999 would see great expansion for the ACO's LMP classes. Following the cancellation of the IMSA GT Championship at the end of 1998, the ACO would allow for the creation of the American Le Mans Series. This series would use the same class structure as the 24 Hours of Le Mans, meaning it was the first championship to use the LMP name. At the same time, the ACO would greatly alter their LMP classes. The smaller LMP2 class would be briefly eliminated, while a new class of closed-cockpit prototypes would be allowed in, known as LMGTP (Le Mans Grand Touring Prototype). These cars were actually evolutions of production-based road cars that the ACO considered too advanced and too fast to fall under the GT class regulations, forcing the ACO to promote them to prototypes.
2000 would once again see changes to the LMP regulations, as the ACO once again split the open-cockpit LMP class. The two new classes would be known as LMP900 and LMP675, with the numbers denoting the minimum weight requirements (in kilograms) for each class. LMP900s would be more powerful and faster in top speed, but also heavier and more cumbersome. LMP675s on the other hand would be smaller and more nimble, yet lack the top speed of their larger cousins. Both classes were intended to be able to compete for overall wins. Audi, Chrysler, Cadillac, and Panoz would opt to use the LMP900 class, while MG would be the only major manufacturer to attempt the LMP675 class. The LMGTP class would also continue, with Bentley being the only manufacturer to build a closed-cockpit prototype after the regulation changes in 2000.
Outside of Le Mans, the FIA SR classes would suffer from these rule changes. The SR2 class no longer aligned perfectly with the new LMP675 class, with more powerful and durable racing engines being allowed in the latter. The SR1 and LMP900 classes also did not use the same rules, although engines were mostly similar. This meant that teams competing in the newly renamed FIA Sportscar Championship required modifications to their cars to be able to compete at Le Mans or in the new European Le Mans Series, a second series split from the American Le Mans Series. With FIA Sportscar Championship teams unwilling to modify their cars to run in the ELMS, that series was canceled due to lack of participants. However the demand to race at Le Mans eventually forced the FIA Sportscar Championship itself to be canceled in 2003, with most competitors choosing to comply with the ACO's regulations instead of the FIA's. With the Rolex Sports Car Series also abandoning their SR classes at the end of 2003 for their own unique Daytona Prototypes, this meant that the ACO LMPs were the only open-cockpit prototypes left.
With the prototype classes now unified under the ACO's rules, the class structure was once again reorganized. The LMP675 class was considered a failure, due to the small engines lacking the reliability necessary to actually compete for overall wins, regardless of any advantage they had with cornering and weight. The LMGTP class was also considered redundant since the cars had only minor rule differences from LMP900s. Thus, the classes were changed to LMP1 and LMP2, with the top class once again being larger and more powerful. However the smaller LMP2 class was now intended solely for privateers, with major manufacturers encouraged to move to LMP1. This meant LMP2s were no longer meant to run for overall race wins. Since the LMGTP class was eliminated, both LMP1 and LMP2 were allowed to have either open or closed-cockpit designs. These new rules also added increased safety requirements, including larger rollover hoops and aerodynamic plates attached to the rear of the car in order to prevent prototypes from becoming airborne in accidents.
The LMP1 and LMP2 classes continue to be used at the 24 Hours of Le Mans and in the American Le Mans Series, as well as the newer championships that were created by the ACO: the Le Mans Series in 2004 and the Japan Le Mans Challenge in 2006.
Technical regulations
As of 2008, the main technical regulations for the Le Mans Prototype classes are as listed below:[1]
- LMP1 - intended especially for manufacturers: minimum weight of 900 kg (1984.2 lb). Naturally-aspirated engines limited to 6000 cc (366.1 ci). Turbochargers and superchargers allowed for gasoline engines with a maximum displacement of 4000 cc (244.1 ci) and for diesel engines with a maximum displacement of 5500 cc (335.6 ci). No limits on the number of cylinders for any type of engine. Homologated production car engines (complying with LM GT1 regulations and at least 1000 units per year) allowed within the same limitations. Fuel tank size of 90 litres (23.8 gallons) for gasoline and 81 litres (21.4 gallons) for diesel engines. Wheel size (maximum diameter) of 28.5 inches and maximum width of 16 inches.
- LMP2 - intended especially for privateers: minimum weight of 825 kg (1818.8 lb). Naturally-aspirated engines limited to 3400 cc (207.5 ci) with a maximum of eight cylinders and 4000 cc (244.1 ci) for homologated production car engines (complying with LM GT2 regulations and at least 1000 units per year). Turbocharging and supercharging (limited to only one single stage charging device) allowed for gasoline engines with a maximum displacement of 2000 cc (122 ci) and a maximum of six cylinders. In homologated production engines turbo/supercharging (two stage charging devices) is only allowed for diesels with a maximum displacement of 4400 cc (268.5 ci)(at least 10 000 units per year). Fuel tank size of 80 litres (21.1 gallons) all type of engines. Wheel size (maximum diameter) of 28 inches and maximum width of 14 inches.
Biofuels, specifically petrol with 10% ethanol and biodiesel (BTL), are allowed in both categories.
Both classes allow open or closed-cockpit designs (closed car must have a windscreen, a roof and doors on each side). Although a passenger seat is not used, cars have to be designed to carry two people. The empty area of the cockpit is therefore usually used to hold electronic devices and cooling equipment.
Dimensions are limited to a maximum of 4650 mm (183.1 in) in length, 2000 mm (78.7 in) in width, and 1030 mm (40.6 in) in height (from the bottom of the bodywork, not the ground). Bodywork is also required to cover all mechanical elements of the car, so that it cannot be visible when the car is viewed directly from the front, side, or top.
List of Le Mans Prototypes
See also
References
- ^ "ACO Technical Regulations 2008 for Prototype "LM"P1 and "LM"P2" (PDF). Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO). 2007-12-20. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
External links
Racing series
LMP analysis
- Le Mans Series - Explanation of LMP classes
- Mulsanne's Corner