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Calostoma

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Calostoma
Calostoma cinnabarina
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Phylum:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Boletales
Family:
Sclerodermataceae
Genus:
Calostoma

Desv. (1809)

Calostoma is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerodermataceae. The generic name, derived from the Greek kallos "beauty", and stoma (στóμα) or mouth, reflects the red-colored, lip-resembling fruiting body of some species. The fungus is also called the Marshian Cock Mushroom. Species are saprobic, deriving nutrition from decomposing organic matter.[1] They have lost the spore discharge mechanism associated with typical gilled fungi (ballistospory), and have instead enclosed spore-bearing structures, called gasterocarps.

Description

Species have a peridium (outer layer) with four clearly defined layers: the outermost peridial layer is gelatinous or shiny, the second pigmented, the third has horns, while the innermost peridial layer is membranous and remains attached to the outer layers only at the apex of the star-shaped apical pore. The gleba is pale, and initially has a thick capillitium (thick-walled skeletal hyphae). Clamp connections are present.[2]

Spores

The spores of Calostoma are large, and either reticulate or spiny. The variations in the elaborate pitted-spore reticulations have inspired investigation with techniques such as scanning probe microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The latter technique was used to distinguish subtle details (at the nanometer scale) and differences in the fine structure of the spores of various Calostoma species.[3] Spore reticulations become entangled and interwoven with nurse cells and scaly hyphae, the net effect of which is to prevent the spores from being blown away simultaneously.[4]

Development

When grown in humid conditions, such as might typically be found in a temperate deciduous forest, Calostoma species develop a thicker, more gelatinous exoperidium (the outermost peridial layer). As the stalk expands, the exoperidium becomes sloughed off, exposing the endoperidum and a raised peristome - the ridge of tissue around the opening suggestive of the genus' common name, "prettymouth".[5] The exoperidum may help to protect the maturing gleba of late-fruiting species from harmful variations in temperature or humidity, or from insect predation.[6]

Distribution

Taxa have a worldwide distribution in regions of deciduous, temperate, tropical or subtropical forests in Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Sumatra, New Guinea), Ceylon, Himalaya, Nepal, Taiwan, China, Australia, New Zealand, North America, and Latin America.[5]

Taxonomy

The original generic concept, based of the type species Calostoma cinnabarina, was first described by by Desvaux in 1809.[7] Until recently, the Calostoma had been placed in the Gasteromycetes, a grouping of fungi with enclosed spore-bearing structures. Specifically, it had been placed in the order Tulostomatales with other stalked puffballs[2], although historically, other mycologists have suggested it be more appropriately placed with the genera Tulostoma[8] (xerophilic stalked puffballs), the Scleroderma[9] (hard puffballs), the Geastrum[10] (earthstars), or the Pseudocolus[11] (stinkhorns).

In 2000, a phylogenetic analysis of this genus using nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal gene sequences helped to clarify the phylogeny of Calostoma. This research showed the genus is best placed in the monophyletic Boletales clade, and outside the clades containing most of the gilled mushrooms, puffballs, stalked puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns and non-bolete Gasteromycetes.[12] The Boletales clade contains Boletinellus, Calostoma, Gyroporus, Phaeogyroporus, Phlebopus, Pisolithus, Scleroderma, and Veligaster.[13]

Species list

Calostoma fuscum
Calostoma cinnabarina showing peristome and exposed gleba
  • Calostoma aeruginosum Massee (1891)
  • Calostoma berkeleyi Massee (1888)
  • Calostoma brookei L. Fan & B. Liu (1995)
  • Calostoma cinnabarinum Corda (1809)
  • Calostoma fuhreri Crichton & J.H. Willis (1986)
  • Calostoma fuscum (Berk.) Massee (1888)
  • Calostoma guizhouense B. Liu & S.Z. Jiang (1985)
  • Calostoma hunanense B. Liu & Y.B. Peng (1979)
  • Calostoma insigne (Berk.) Massee (1888)
  • Calostoma japonica Henn. (1902)
  • Calostoma jiangii B. Liu & Yin H. Liu (1985)
  • Calostoma luridum (Berk.) Massee (1888)
  • Calostoma lutescens (Schw.) Burnap
  • Calostoma microsporum G.F. Atk. (1903)
  • Calostoma miniata M. Zang (1987)
  • Calostoma oriruber Massee (1888)
  • Calostoma pengii B. Liu & Yin H. Liu (1984)
  • Calostoma ravenelii (Berk.) Massee (1888)
  • Calostoma ravenelii var. microsporum (G.F. Atk.) Castro-Mend. & O.K. Mill. (1983)
  • Calostoma ravenelii var. ravenelii (Berk.) Massee (1888)
  • Calostoma retisporum Boedijn (1938)
  • Calostoma rodwayi Lloyd (1925)
  • Calostoma singaporense L. Fan & B. Liu (1995)
  • Calostoma variispora B. Liu, Z.Y. Li & Du (1975)
  • Calostoma viride (Berk.) Massee (1888)
  • Calostoma yunnanense L.J. Li & B. Liu (1984)
  • Calostoma zanchianum (Rick) Baseia & Calonge (2006)

References

  1. ^ Bruns TD, Fogel R, Gardes M, Cullings KW, Pan J, Taylor DL, Horton TR, Kretzer AM, Garbelotto M, Li Y. (1998). A sequence database for the identification of ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycetes by phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Ecology 7: 257-272.
  2. ^ a b Sussman A. S. (1973). Fungi: An Advanced Treatise; Part B. London: Academic Pr. ISBN 0-12-045644-3.
  3. ^ Kim M, Kim KW, Jung HS (2007). "Morphological discretion of basidiospores of the puffball mushroom Calostoma by electron and atomic force microscopy". J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17 (10): 1721–6. PMID 18156793. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Ing B. (1989). First steps. Puffballs. Mycologist 3: 126-127.
  5. ^ a b Castro-Mendoza E, Miller OK Jr, Stetler DA. (1983). Basidiospore wall ultrastructure and tissue system morphology in the genus Calostoma in North America. Mycologia 75(1) :36-45.
  6. ^ Miller, Hope Ridings; Miller, Orson K. (1988). Gasteromycetes: morphological and developmental features, with keys to the orders, families, and genera. Eureka, Calif: Mad River Press. ISBN 0-916422-74-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Desvaux NA. (1809). Observations sur quelques genres a tablir dans la famille des champignons. Journal of Botany 2: 88-105.
  8. ^ Burnap CE. (1897). Contributions from the Cryptogamic Laboratory of Harvard University XXXVIII, Notes on the genus Calostoma. Botanical Gazette 23: 180-196.
  9. ^ Fischer E. (1884). Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Gastero-myceten. Botanischer Zeitung (Regensberg) 42: 433-494.
  10. ^ Massee G. (1888). A monograph of the genus Calostoma Desv. (Mitremyces Nees). Annals of Botany 2: 25-46.
  11. ^ de Bary A. 1887. Fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria, English edition. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. 525 p.
  12. ^ Hughey BD, Adams GC, Bruns TD, Hibbett DS. (2000). Phylogeny of Calostoma, the gelatinous-stalked puffball, based on nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia 92(1): 94-104.
  13. ^ Binder M, Bresinsky A. (2002). Derivation of a polymorphic lineage of Gasteromycetes from boletoid ancestors. Mycologia 94(1): 85-98.
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