Chattooga River
The Chattooga River (also spelled Chatooga, Chatuga, and Chautaga, variant name Guinekelokee River) is the main tributary of the Tugaloo River. Its headwaters are located southwest of Cashiers, North Carolina, and it stretches 57 miles (92 km) or 92 km to where it flows through Lake Tugalo and the Tugaloo Dam, then has its confluence with the Tugaloo within Lake Yonah, held back by the Yonah Dam. It begins in southern Jackson County, North Carolina, and then it flows southwestward between northwestern Oconee County, South Carolina and eastern Rabun County, Georgia. The "Chattooga" spelling was approved by the USBGN in 1897.
The river was used as a setting for the fictional "Cahulawassee River" in the film Deliverance.
The Chattooga River flows into the Savannah River and terminates there. Downsteam from that point, the water flows into the Atlantic Ocean near Savannah, Georgia.
Geographic Significance
The Chattooga River serves as part of the boundary between Georgia and South Carolina after leaving North Carolina near latitude 35°N.
The Chattooga River was not the original boundary line between SC and GA. A treaty of 1816 extended the South Carolina boundary to its current location. Prior to 1816, the Chattooga was on the lands of the Cherokee Indian Nation.
Wild and Scenic River
As of May 10 1974, the Chattooga River is protected along a 15,432-acre (62.45 km2) corridor as a national Wild and Scenic River. 39.8 miles (64.1 km) of the river have been designated “wild”, about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) “scenic,” and 14.6 miles (23.5 km) “recreational” for a total of about 57 miles (92 km). On the commercially rafted sections (III and IV) there is a 1/4 to 1/2 mile zone of National Forest on both sides of the river, allowing no roads or development of any kind within that distance. The Chattooga also bisects the Ellicott Rock Wilderness which straddles three states (Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina) and three National Forests (the Chattahoochee, Nantahala and Sumter National Forests). Much of the Georgia portion of the river is within the Tallulah Ranger District of the Chattahoochee National Forest.
Tributaries
The river is split into three forks. The North Fork Chattooga River is the main fork, running along the state line, and is officially called just "Chattooga River". The East Fork Chattooga River (sometimes East Prong Chattooga River) runs in from Jackson County, North Carolina and then Oconee County, South Carolina, and is 7 miles (11 km) or 11 km long. The West Fork Chattooga River (variant name Gumekoloke Creek) runs in from Rabun County, Georgia, and is also a variant name for that county's Holcombe Creek, one of its own tributaries.
One of the largest tributaries in the Chattooga basin that flows mainly through private lands is Stekoa Creek. Stekoa Creek flows primarily southeast for approximately 16 miles (26 km) from its headwaters in Mountain City, Georgia, through Clayton, Georgia, to its mouth at the Chattooga River. The Stekoa Creek Basin is approximately 45 square miles (120 km2) in size.
There are also other small tributaries.
Rafting and Boating
The Chattooga is one of the very few commercially-rafted class IV+ rivers in the Southeast. In the late spring, the river is lined with blooming pink and white mountain laurel. Early Spring is also a great time to go rafting, kayaking, or canoeing because of the higher flows and cooler temperatures. The Chattooga is a free-flowing river (no upstream dam to control the flow) which quickly responds to rainfall or drought conditions. As a drop-pool style river, rapids are followed by calm pools. In the summertime, the water is warm enough to swim in one of these pools.
The Chattooga starts out near Cashiers as a small stream. Highway 28 is the start of the legally floatable section. Section II -starting at highway 28-; is a class II float. Section III has Class II-IV rapids which rafters and kayakers frequent. Lush rhododendron line the banks. The minimum age requirement to raft this section is 8 years old. Section IV has long been regarded as one of the most challenging rivers to raft or kayak. This section includes Class III-V+ rapids, including the famous Five Falls (five class IV+ and V rapids, all within 20-30 yards of each other). The minimum age requirement to raft Section IV is 13. A number of signature rapids on this river Raven Chute, Screaming Left Turn, are featured in the film Deliverance.
The 1976 Original Management plan, required for Wild & Scenic designation, restricted biking and motorized craft and limited floating to the lower 2/3rds of the river to protect angling and paddler safety. A kayak access lobby is seeking to expand whitewater paddling further up river. A Pre-decisional Draft Environmental Assessment was released by the USFS in mid-2008 that offers limited boating access during winter months. However, the boating community continues to lobby for a plan which allows for more open access to the upper sections of the river. The Forest Service is expected to release the final decision on recreational use of the upper Chattooga in 2009.
Geology of the river
Geological forces over millions of years carved out the Chattooga River. The Blue Ridge Mountains where the Chattooga starts are considered old, or ancient, even by geological standards. The rock is mostly sandstones and shales that were laid down approximately 600-750 million years ago. The mountains, a result of continental collision, are over 350 million years old and were probably higher than the Rockies when they were first formed. The erosion power of water and weather at work over millennia wore away the jagged peaks and carved deep narrow valleys in the terrain.
Geologists believe the Chattooga may have made one direction change during its life. Originally, it probably flowed southwesterly into the Chattahoochee riverbed and on to the Gulf of Mexico, but at some point, the Savannah River eroded its northern headland until it intersected the Chattooga and diverted it to the Atlantic.
Today the forces of nature are still at work changing and shaping the Chattooga. Many of the rocks in the riverbed probably fell from the ridge through erosion and those rocks do not necessarily remain where they fall. In times of great downpours, high water and fast currents, rocks can become dislodged and move downstream taking other rocks and debris with them.
Going down the river there are big rocky sides to the mountain; during Hurricane Ivan in 2004 the wind force and waters knocked down big boulders off the sides.
Sources
"A Guide to the Chattooga River", Butch Clay, 1995, Chattooga River Publishing
[1] "Chattooga River History Project Literature Review and Interview Summary", Tetra Tech EC, Inc for USDA Forest Service, August 25, 2006.