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Gang

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For other uses, see Gang (disambiguation).
Gangsters redirects here. For other uses, see Gangster.
Mara Salvatrucha suspect bearing gang tattoos is handcuffed. In 2004, the FBI created the MS-13 National Gang Task Force to combat gang activity in the United States. A year later, the FBI helped create National Gang Intelligence Center.

A gang is a group of people who through the organization, formation, and establishment of an assemblage share a common identity. In current usage it typically denotes a criminal organization or else a criminal affiliation. In early usage, the word gang referred to a group of workmen. In the United Kingdom the word is still often used in this sense, but it later underwent pejoration. The word gang often carries a negative connotation; however, within a gang which defines itself in opposition to mainstream norms, members may adopt the phrase as a statement of identity or defiance.

The term gangster or mobster refers to a criminal who is a member of a crime organization, such as a gang. The terms are commonly used in reference to members of gangs associated with American prohibition and the American offshoot of the Italian Mafia, such as the Chicago Outfit or the Five Families. The related word "mobster" is a term derived from Latin and Aramaic. The word mobi means large gathering in Aramaic, and similarly, mob in Latin means crowd. In modern slang, the term "gangster" or "gangsta" is associated with being powerful, admirable or street smart.

Historical criminal gangs

A wide variety of historical gangs, such as the Muslim Assassins, Adam the Leper 's gang, Indian Thugs, Chinese Triads, Japanese Yakuza, American Old West outlaw gangs and Italian Mafia crime families have existed for centuries. These early gangs were known for many criminal activities, but in most countries could not profit from drug trafficking prior to twentieth century drug prohibition laws such as the 1912 International Opium Convention and the 1919 Volstead Act. Gang involvement in drug trafficking increased during the 1970s and 1980s, but some gangs continue to have minimal involvement in the trade.[1]

Classification

  • School-yard gangs and the dissimilarity between different gangs has prompted some officials to designate categories to classify gangs based on age, finances, criminal activities, and levels of sophistication. Sometimes these are referred to as "wannabes." Gang activity can also account for some of the higher drop out rates in some public school systems.
  • Scavenger gangs are characteristically disorganized and often represent the least successful of all the types of gangs. Members of scavenger gangs may be low achievers, and may be prone to violent or erratic behavior. Because these gangs are not well organized, leadership of scavenger gangs may change frequently and without reason. Scavenger gangs often turn to low-level crime, usually committed spontaneously and without planning. If a scavenger gang can become more organized, it may be able to grow into a territorial gang.[2]
  • Territorial gangs are typically more organized than scavenger gangs, but their primary purpose is still social. Some may sell drugs, but this is not a defining characteristic of the territorial gang. Territorial gangs will often use violent means to defend their territory; in some cases this helps the gang to bond and reinforces the social structures of the gang. Gang members may be attracted to territorial gangs because they have difficult home lives.[2] Two examples of such gangs are the Bloods and the Crips.
  • Corporate gangs are highly organized conspiracies, constructed for the purpose of marketing drugs and gaining maximum profits. The symbolism and turfs that are significant to territorial and scavenger gangs are meaningless to corporate gangs. Members of corporate gangs are expected to follow a certain etiquette, and severe punishment can be expected for any faux pas. Leadership of a corporate gang requires a higher level of intelligence than other gangs, and bosses in these gangs will often be highly successful career criminals.

Notable gang members

Gang signs

Main article: Gang signal

Gangs often establish distinctive, characteristic identifiers including graffiti tags[3] colors, hand-signals, clothing, jewelry, hair styles, fingernails, slogans[4], signs such as the swastika, the noose, or the burning cross [5], flags[6] for example the Confederate flag, secret greetings, slurs, or code words and other group-specific symbols associated with the gang's common beliefs, rituals, and mythologies to define and differentiate themselves from rival groups and gangs.[7]As an alternative language, hand-signals, symbols, and slurs in speech, graffiti, print, music, or other mediums communicate specific informational cues used to threaten, disparage, taunt, harass, intimidate, alarm, influence[8], or exact specific responses including obedience, submission, fear, or terror. One study focused on terrorism and symbols states: "... Symbolism is important because it plays a part in impelling the terrorist to act and then in defining the targets of their actions."[9] Displaying a gang sign, such as the noose, as a symbolic act can be construed as "... a threat to commit violence communicated with the intent to terrorize another, to cause evacuation of a building, or to cause serious public inconvenience, in reckless disregard of the risk of causing such terror or inconvenience...an offense against property or involving danger to another person that may include but is not limited to recklessly endangering another person, harassment, stalking, ethnic intimidation, and criminal mischief."[10]

Gang population

Los Angeles is the 'gang capital of America' with an estimated 120,000 gang members.[11] There were at least 30,000 gangs and 800,000 gang members active across the USA in 2007.[12][13] About 900,000 gang members lived "within local communities across the country," and about 147,000 were in U.S. prisons or jails in 2009.[14] By 1999, Hispanics accounted for 47% of all gang members, Blacks 31%, Whites 13%, and Asians 6%.[15]

There are betwen 25,000 and 50,000 gang members in Central America’s El Salvador.[16] The Yakuza are among the largest crime organizations in the world. In Japan, as of 2005, there are some 86,300 known members.[17] Hong Kong's Triads include up to 160,000 members.[18] It was estimated that in the 1950s, there were 300,000 Triad members in Hong Kong.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Growth of Youth Gang Problems in the United States: 1970-98". 2001.
  2. ^ a b Deborah Prothrow-Stith. "Not All Gangs are the Same: Types of Youth Gangs". Smart Library on Children and Families. Retrieved 2007-06-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |actualdate= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Author: Ferrell, J., Title: "Crimes of style: Urban graffiti and the politics of criminality", Publisher: New York: Garland. (235pp),Year: 1993[1]
  4. ^ "Gang Identifiers and Terminology", Cantrell, Mary Lynn, Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, v1 n1 p13-14 Spr 1992 [2]
  5. ^ "Noose: ‘Shameful' sign makes ominous return", by Darryl Fears, Washington Post, Published: October 21, 2007 6:00 a.m.[3]
  6. ^ "Symbols and the world system: National anthems and flags", KA Cerulo - Sociological Forum, 1993 - Springer [4]
  7. ^ "The Seven-Stage Hate Model", United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation [5]
  8. ^ RICO [6]
  9. ^ "Symbolism and Sacrifice in Terrorism", Authors: J. Dingley; M. Kirk-Smith, Source: Small Wars & Insurgencies, Volume 13, Number 1, Spring 2002 , pp. 102-128(27, Publisher: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group [7]
  10. ^ Terroristic Threat Law & Legal Definition [8]
  11. ^ Gang mayhem grips LA, The Observer, March 18, 2007
  12. ^ COPS Office: Gangs
  13. ^ L.A. Gangs: Nine Miles and Spreading, laweekly.com, December 13, 2007
  14. ^ Report: Gang membership on the rise across U.S., by Kevin Johnson, USA Today, January 30, 2009
  15. ^ Into the Abyss: The Racial and Ethnic Composition of Gangs
  16. ^ El Salvador's teenage beauty queens live and die by gang law, The Observer, November 10, 2002
  17. ^ Criminal Investigation: Fight Against Organized Crime (1), Overview of Japanese Police, National Police Agency (June 2007).
  18. ^ Asian Triads
  19. ^ Hong Kong's T-Shirt Contest, TIME, November 28, 2007

Further reading

  • Frederick Thrasher, The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1927
  • Varrio Warfare: Violence in the Latino Community, Gabriel C. Morales, 1998
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