Process window index

Process Window Index (PWI) is a statistical measure that quantifies the robustness of a manufacturing process which involves heating and cooling, known as a thermal process. In the electronics manufacturing industry, PWI values are used to calibrate the heating and cooling of soldering jobs (known as a thermal profile) while baked in a reflow oven.

PWI measures how well a thermal process fits into a user-defined process limit known as the specification limit. The specification limit is the tolerance allowed for the process and is statistically determined. In the electronics industry, these specification limits are known as the process window, and values that a plotted inside or outside this window are known as the process window index.

Using PWI values, thermal processes can be accurately measured, analyzed, compared, and tracked at the same level of statistical process control and quality control available to other manufacturing processes.

Statistical process control

Process capability is the ability of a process to produce output within specified limits. To help determine whether a manufacturing or business process is in a state of statistical control, process engineers use control charts, which help to predict the future performance of the process based on the current process.

Process Window Index for a thermal process. Green blurbs denote that the PWIs are within specification, red depicts out of specification.

To help determine the capability of a process, statistically determined upper and lower limits are drawn on either side of a process mean on the control chart. The control limits are set at three standard deviations on either side of the process mean, and are known as the upper control limit (UCL) and lower control limit (LCL) respectively. If the process data plotted on the control chart remains within the control limits over an extended period, then the process is said to be stable.

Within these control limits are the tolerance values specified by the end-user, known as specification limits – the upper specification limit (USL) and lower specification limit (LSL) respectively. If the process data plotted on a control chart remains within these specification limits, then the process is considered a capable process, denoted by ${\hat {C}}_{pk}$.

The electronics manufacturing industry has developed customized specification limits known as Process Windows. Within this process window, temperature values are plotted. The values relative to the process mean of this window is known as the Process Window Index. By using PWI values, thermal processes can be accurately measured, analyzed, compared, and tracked at the same level of statistical process control and quality control available to other manufacturing processes.

PWI in electronics manufacturing

Main article: Reflow soldering

A graphical representation of the Process Window Index for a thermal profile

In soldering, a thermal profile is a complex set of time-temperature values for a variety of processes such as slope, thermal soak, reflow, and peak.

Each thermal profile is ranked on how it fits in a process window (the specification or tolerance limit). Raw temperature values are normalized in terms of a percentage relative to both the process mean and the window limits. The center of the process window is defined as zero, and the extreme edges of the process window are ±99%. A PWI greater than or equal to 100% indicates that the profile does not process the product within specification. A PWI of 99% indicates that the profile processes the product within specification, but runs at the edge of the process window. For example, if the process mean is set at 200 °C, with the process window calibrated at 180 °C and 220 °C respectively; then a measured value of 188 °C translates to a process window index of −60%.

By using PWI values, manufacturers can determine how much of the process window a particular thermal profile uses. A lower PWI value indicates a more robust profile. For maximum efficiency, separate PWI values are computed for peak, slope, reflow, and soak processes of a thermal profile.

To avoid the possibility of thermal shock affecting production, the steepest slope in the thermal profile is determined and leveled. Manufacturers use custom-built software to accurately determine and decrease the steepness of the slope. In addition, the software also automatically recalibrates the PWI values for the peak, slope, reflow, and soak processes. By setting PWI values, engineers can ensure that the reflow soldering work does not overheat or cool too quickly.

Formula

Example of a Process Window Index for peak, soak, and slope values

The Process Window Index is calculated as the worst case (ie highest number) in the set of thermal profile data. For example, a thermal profile with three thermocouples, with four profile statistics logged for each thermocouple, would have a set of twelve statistics for that thermal profile. In this case, the PWI would be the highest value among the twelve values, expressed as a percentage. The formula to calculate PWI is:

${\text{PWI}}=100\times \max _{i=1\dots N \atop j=1\dots M}\left\{\left|{\frac {{\text{measured value}}_{[i,j]}-{\text{average limits}}_{[i,j]}}{{\text{range}}_{[i,j]}/2}}\right|\right\}$

where:

i = 1 to N (number of thermocouples)

j = 1 to M (number of statistics per thermocouple)

measured value [i, j] = the [i, j]^th statistic's value

average limits [i, j] = the average of the [i, j']^th high and low limits of the statistic

range [i, j] = the [i, j]^th high limit minus the low limit of the statistic

Thus, the PWI is the worst case profile statistic that is the maximum, or highest percentage of the process window used.

See also

• Reflow soldering
• Wave soldering