Australian Synchrotron
1 Electron gun
2 Linear accelerator (linac)
3 Booster ring
4 Storage ring
5 Beamline
6 Endstation (or experimental workstation, i.e., laboratory)
The Australian Synchrotron is a 3 GeV synchrotron radiation facility built in Melbourne, Victoria and opened on 31 July 2007.[1][2] It is located on the former site of the Clayton drive-in theatre, on 800 Blackburn Rd, next to the Telstra research laboratories and across the road from the Monash University Clayton Campus.
The Australian Synchrotron is known as a 'Light Source' facility. It uses particle accelerators to produce a beam of high energy electrons which are placed within a storage ring that circulates the electrons to create synchrotron light. The light is directed down separate beamlines at the end of which may be placed a variety of experimental equipment contained within the endstations.
Accelerator systems
Electron Gun:
The electrons used to provide the synchrotron light are first produced at the electron gun, by thermionic emission from a heated metal cathode. The emitted electrons are then accelerated to an energy of 90 keV (kilo-electron volts) by a 90 kilovolt potential applied across the gun and make their way into the Linear Accelerator.
Linear Accelerator:
The linear accelerator (or linac) uses a series of RF cavities, operating at a frequency of 3 GHz, to accelerate the electron beam to an energy of 100 MeV, over a distance of around 15 metres. Due to the nature of this acceleration, the beam must be separated into discrete packets, or 'bunches'. This bunching process is done at the start of the linac, using several 'bunching' cavities. The linac can accelerate a beam once every second. Further along the linac quadrupole magnets are used to help focus the electron beam.
Booster Synchrotron:
The booster is an electron synchrotron which takes the 100 MeV beam from the linac and increases its energy to 3 GeV. The booster ring is 130 metres in circumference and contains a single 5-cell RF cavity (operating at 500 MHz) which provides energy to the electron beam. Acceleration of the beam is achieved by a simultaneous ramping up of the magnet strength and cavity fields. Each ramping cycle takes approximately 1 second (for a complete ramp up and down).
Storage Ring:
The storage ring is the final destination for the accelerated electrons. It is 216 metres in circumference and consists of 14 nearly identical sectors. Each sector consists of a straight section and an arc, with the arcs containing 2 dipole 'bending' magnets each. Each dipole magnet is a potential source of synchrotron light and most straight sections can also host an insertion device, giving the possibility of 30+ beamlines at the Australian Synchrotron. Two of the straight sections are used to host the storage ring 500 MHz RF cavities, which are essential for replacing the energy that the beam loses through synchrotron radiation.
The storage ring also contains a large number of quadrupole and sextupole magnets used for beam focusing and chromaticity corrections. The ring is designed to hold 200mA of stored current with a beam lifetime of over 20 hours.
Vacuum Systems:
The electron beam is kept within a very high vacuum at all times during the acceleration process and within the storage ring. This vacuum is necessary as any beam collisions with gas molecules will quickly degrade the beam quality and reduce the lifetime of the beam. The vacuum is achieved by enclosing the beam in a stainless steel pipe system, with numerous vacuum pump systems continually working to keep the vacuum quality high. Pressure within the storage ring is typically around 10-10 millibar.
Control System
Each digital and analogue I/O channel is associated with a database entry in a highly customised distributed database system called EPICS (Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System). The condition of the system is monitored and controlled by connecting specialised GUIs to the specified database entries. Control of the physics-related parameters of the beam is provided through MATLAB which also provides data analysis tools and an interface with a computer model of the accelerator. Personnel and equipment protection is achieved through the use of Programmable logic controller-based systems.
2009 Management Crisis
An ongoing management crisis was set in motion following the sudden dismissal of the Australia Synchrotron's director, Professor Robert Lamb in late October 2009[1]. Professor Lamb, acknowledged as one of Australia's leading scientists [citation needed], was seconded to the synchrotron from his position as chair of chemistry at the University of Melbourne when the Clayton complex opened in July 2007. His dismissal without explanation by the Board of management led by chairwoman Catherine Walter, has caused the international Science Advisory Committee to the Australian Synchrotron to threaten to resign en mass and has resulted in a work to rule by the staff at the facility. [2]
Beamlines and experimental endstations
- Imaging and medical therapy
- Infrared spectroscopy
- Micro spectroscopy
- Protein crystallography
- Powder diffraction
- Small and wide angle scattering
- Soft X-ray spectroscopy
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Funding contributors
- Victorian Government (Official Site)
- Association of Australian Medical Research Institutes
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (Official Site)
- CSIRO (Australian Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation)
- Monash University (Official site)
- New Zealand (Official site New Zealand Government)
- Queensland (Government site)
- Western Australia (Government site)
- Melbourne University (Official site)
- New South Wales consortium
- South Australia/La Trobe University consortium
See also
References
- ^ Official Opening webcast timetable & archive site, from 0020UTC 31 Jul 07
- ^ Scientists to unveil monster synchrotron, ABC News (Australia), 31 July 2007
External links
