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Ingeborg of Norway

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Ingeborg of Norway
Duchess of Södermanland, Halland and Estonia
Duchess Ingeborg's bust at Linköping Cathedral
SpouseEric, Duke of Södermanland
Knud Porse, Duke of Estonia
IssueMagnus VII of Norway
Euphemia, Duchess of Mecklenburg
Haakon, Duke of Halland
Canute, Duke of Halland
HouseFairhair
FatherHaakon V of Norway
MotherEuphemia of Rügen

Ingeborg of Norway (Duchess Ingeborg, Old Norse Ingibjörg Hákonardóttir, Swedish Ingeborg Håkansdotter; 1301-1361), was a Norwegian and by marriage Swedish princess and royal duchess with a position in the regency governments in Norway (1319-27) and Sweden (1319-26). Some writers have asserted that in 1318-1319 she was Sweden's first de facto female ruler[1] and that her position subsequently equalled that of an undeclared queen mother for over 40 years.[2]

Background

Ingeborg was born as the only legitimate daughter of king Haakon V of Norway from his marriage with Euphemia of Rügen. As a child, she was first betrothed to Magnus Birgerson, the son and designated heir of king Birger I of Sweden. Soon afterwards the engagement was however broken for altered political reasons, and in 1305 she was betrothed to Eric, Duke of Södermanland, a younger brother of king Birger of Sweden, thus uncle of her first betrothed. In 1312, Ingeborg and Eric were formally married in a double wedding in Oslo; at the same time, her cousin Ingeborg Eriksdottir of Norway, married Eric's brother duke Valdemar Magnusson. At her wedding, her mother queen Euphemia had published the recently-translated (by her command) famous poems, the Euphemia songs. She barely was old enough to bear her first husband two children before Duke Eric was murdered.

Leader of the Ducal party

At the imprisonment of her husband and brother-in-law, she and her cousin and sister-in-law, Ingeborg Eriksdottir, became the leaders of their spouses followers. On 16 April 1318, the two duchesses Ingeborg made a treaty in Kalmar with the Danish duke Christoffer of Halland-Samsö and archbishop Esgar of Lund to free their husbands and not to make peace with the kings of Sweden and Denmark before theye agreed to this, and the two duchesses promised to honour the promises they gave in return in the names of their husbands. Later the same year, their husbands were confirmed to have died.

Regency

Seal of Duchess Ingiburga; Regent of Norway 1319-27, Regent of Sweden 1319-26.

Her son Magnus VII of Norway, at the age of 3, was proclaimed king of Norway upon her father's death, in rights devolved from her. Ingeborg was recognized as formal regent of her son in Norway. Soon, the Swedish nobility elected young Magnus king of Sweden after deposing Birger, and Ingeborg was made nominal regent of Sweden and given a seat and vote in the Swedish government and the title: Ingeborg, by the Grace of God, daughter of Haakon, Duchess in the Kingdom of Sweden. Duchess Ingeborg held her own court at her residense in Varberg.

The exact position of Ingeborg in the regency council is hard to define properly due to the documentation. Mats Kettilumndsson, her ally, presided of the Swedish regency council "alongside" the two "Duchesses Ingeborg"; Ingeborg Håkansdotter and her cousin and sister-in-law Ingeborg Eriksdottir. Magnus, already King of Norway, was elected King of Sweden with the aprouval of the Norwegian council in her presence. Ingeborg was the only one with a seat in both the Swedish and the Norwegian minor regency and council of state. She was the independent reigning duchess of her own fiefs, which were autonomous under her rule, and a large number of castles which controlled big areas thanks to their strategicall positions.

Favourites

She was critizied for her way of conducting her own politics without the counsel of the Swedish and Norwegian councils, and for using the royal seal of her son for her own wishes. 1 October 1320, she liberated Riga from its debts in her name on behalf of her son. She was known to make large donations to her supporters. Knut Porse had been one of the supporters of her spouse and was appointed governor of Varberg. Ingeborg surrounded herself with young foreign men, thought to affect her politics, of which Porse was the most known. 12 April 1321, the Swedish council, after receiving complaints from the Norwegian council regarding a rumour of crimes and disturbances in Ingeborgs lands made by foreigners, told the Norwegian council to advice Ingeborg to listen more to the advice of the old experienced men in the councils rather than to young unexperienced foreign men; a law was created which banned foreigners in the Swedish council.

The Scania affair

Ingeborg and Porse had the ambition to make the then Danish Scania a part of her possessions. In 1321, Ingeborg arranged a marriage with her daughter Euphemia and Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg. The marriage was arranged with the terms that Mecklenburg, Saxony, Holstein, Rendsburg and Schleswig would assist Ingeborg in the conquest of Scania. This was approved by the council of Norway but not Sweden. To finance the invasion, Ingeborg took a loan from Stralsund with free trade in Sweden and Norway as security. When Ingeborg's forces under command of Porse invaded Scania in 1322-23, Mecklenburg betrayed her to Denmark and the alliance was broken.

Conflict with the councils and diminished power

In 1322, open conflict broke out between Ingeborg and the Swedish regency council; the council of state made an agreement that no order from Ingeborg should hereby be accepted withouth the aprouval from the entire council, and all agreements made with her by individual councillors was hereby annulled. In 1323, Ingeborg was forced to accept the terms and give up several of her strategicall castles and feifs.

20 February 1323, also the Norwegian regency council rebelled against Ingeborg. She was accused of missusing the royal seal, to have broken the peace with Denmark and for greater costs, and was replaced as head of the regency. After 1323, Ingeborgs power was limited to what was aporoved by votes in the councils, which in practice had deposed her. 14 February 1326, in exhange for having her debts payed, Ingeborg gave up several fiefs and was forced to send Porse in to exile and was stripped from all political autorhity in the Swedish regency council. In the Norwegian regency council, however, her singature was still needed in the peace treathy between Norway and Sönderjylland 14 June 1327.

Ingeborg married her lover Knud Porse (d. 1330), a noble from less than royal circles, in 1327. While Knud was allowed to become Duke of Halland and holder of Ingeborg's inherited estates, her marriage was another reason why Swedes, and also increasingly Norwegians, did not allow Ingeborg to use her governmental power in these kingdoms. The year of her marriage, Ingeborg was stripped from her power also in the Norwegian regency council.

Later life

Her husband was made Duke of Estonia in 1329. In 1330, she became a widow. Her younger sons became dukes of Halland. Her eldest son became an adult in 1332, and the same year, Ingeborg secured the (temporary) Swedish superiority over Scania. After the death of her second husband, Ingeborg again took an important position in the life of her son the king, but it is not known how much influence she had on him.

In 1336, Ingeborg welcomed her daughter Euphemia and her son-in-law Albert of Mecklenburg, Rudolph of Saxony and Henry of Holstein with her own fleet to the coronation of her son and daughter-in-law in Stockholm. In 1341, Ingeborg and the counts Henry and Claus of Holstein went to war against Valdemar of Schleswig, John of Holstein and the Hanseatic league in Denmark. Not much is known of this conflict, but king Magnus sealed the peace by telling Valdemar to keep the promise he had made to Ingeborg in the peace treathy. In 1350, she inherited the title and position of Duke of Halland from her younger son.

Children and Family

1st marriage with Eric of Sweden, Duke of Södermanland:

2nd marriage with Knut Porse, Duke of Halland and Estonia

References

  1. ^ Jacob Truedson Demitz Throne of a Thousand Years ISBN 91-630-5030-7, Ludvika & Los Angeles 1996 p. 27
  2. ^ Grethe Authén Blom Norsk Historisk Tidskrift Oslo 1981 s. 425
  • Herman Lindqvist, "Historien om Sverige", (In Swedish).
  • Åke Ohlmarks "Alla Sveriges drottningar"
  • Den svenska historien. Medeltid 1319-1520 (Stockholm:Bonniers 1966), s. 14-18
  • Nordberg, Michael (1995). I kung Magnus tid. Norstedts. ISBN 9119521227. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |coauthors= and |month= (help)
  • Jerker Rosén : Den svenska historien 2. Medeltiden 1319-1520 (1966)
  • Nationalencyklopedin, Bokförlaget Bra Böcker AB, Höganäs (1992)

Succession

Swedish royalty
Preceded by Duchess of Halland
1350-1361 		Succeeded by
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