Hutong

Hutongs (simplified Chinese: 胡同; traditional Chinese: 衚衕; pinyin: hútòng) are a type of narrow streets or alleys, most commonly associated with Beijing, China. In Beijing, hutongs are alleys formed by lines of siheyuan, traditional courtyard residences.^[1] Many neighbourhoods were formed by joining one siheyuan to another to form a hutong, and then joining one hutong to another. The word hutong is also used to refer to such neighbourhoods.

Since the mid-20th century, the number of Beijing hutongs has dropped dramatically as they are demolished to make way for new roads and buildings. More recently, some hutongs have been designated as protected areas in an attempt to preserve this aspect of Chinese cultural history.

Historical hutongs

During China’s dynastic period, emperors planned the city of Beijing and arranged the residential areas according to the social classes of the Zhou Dynasty (1027 - 256 BC). The term "hutong", originally meaning "water wells",^[2] appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty, and it is believed to be a term of Mongol language origin.^[2]

In the Ming Dynasty (early 15th century) the center was the Forbidden City, surrounded in concentric circles by the Inner City and Outer City. Citizens of higher social status were permitted to live closer to the center of the circles^{[citation needed]}. Aristocrats lived to the east and west of the imperial palace. The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and wealthy merchants often featured beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars and carefully landscaped gardens. The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by spacious homes and walled gardens. Farther from the palace, and to its north and south, were the commoners, merchants, artisans, and laborers. Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and simpler in design and decoration, and the hutongs were narrower.^{[citation needed]}

Nearly all siheyuan had their main buildings and gates facing south for better lighting; thus a majority of hutongs run from east to west. Between the main hutongs, many tiny lanes ran north and south for convenient passage.^{[citation needed]}

Historically, a hutong was also once used as the lowest level of administrative geographical divisions within a city in ancient China, as in the paifang (牌坊) system: the largest division within a city in ancient China was a fang (坊), equivalent to current day precinct. Each fang (坊) was enclosed by walls or fences, and the gates of these enclosures were shut and guarded every night, somewhat like a modern gated community. Each fang (坊) was further divided into several plate or pai (牌), which is equivalent to a current day (unincorporated) community (or neighborhood). Each pai (牌), in turn, contained an area including several hutongs, and during the Ming Dynasty, Beijing was divided into a total of 36 fangs (坊).^{[citation needed]}

However, as the ancient Chinese urban administration division system gave way to population and household divisions instead of geographical divisions, the hutongs were no longer used as the lowest level of administrative geographical division and were replaced with other divisional approaches.^{[citation needed]}

Hutongs in the modern era

At the turn of the 20th century, the Qing court was disintegrating as China’s dynastic era came to an end. The traditional arrangement of hutongs was also affected. Many new hutongs, built haphazardly and with no apparent plan, began to appear on the outskirts of the old city, while the old ones lost their former neat appearance. The social stratification of the residents also began to evaporate, reflecting the collapse of the feudal system.^{[citation needed]}

During the period of the Republic of China from 1911 to 1948, society was unstable, fraught with civil wars and repeated foreign invasions. Beijing deteriorated, and the conditions of the hutongs worsened. Siheyuans previously owned and occupied by single families were subdivided and shared by many households, with additions tacked on as needed, built with whatever materials were available. The 978 hutongs listed in Qing Dynasty records swelled to 1,330 by 1949.^{[citation needed]} Today, in some hutongs, such as those in Da Shi Lan, the conditions remain poor.^[3]

Decline of hutongs

File:Hutong.JPG

A busy street among the Hutong

Silver Ingot Bridge, separating Houhai and Qianhai lakes. There are many hutongs in the area.

Following the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, many of the old hutongs of Beijing disappeared, replaced by wide boulevards and high rises. Many residents left the lanes where their families lived for generations for apartment buildings with modern amenities. In Xicheng District, for example, nearly 200 hutongs (24 pc) out of the 820 it held in 1949 have disappeared. The Beijing Municipal Construction Committee stated that, in 2004, some 250,000 square metres (25 ha) of old housing – 20,000 households – would be demolished.^{[citation needed]}

However, many of Beijing’s ancient hutongs still stand, and a number of them have been designated protected areas. The older neighborhoods survive today, offering a glimpse of life in the capital city as it has been for generations.^{[citation needed]}

Many hutongs, some several hundred years old, in the vicinity of the Bell Tower and Drum Tower and Shichahai Lake are preserved amongst recreated contemporary two- and three-storey versions.^[4]^[5]

This area abounds with tourists, many of which tour the quarter in pedicabs.

Hutong culture

Hutong represents an important culture element of Beijing city. Thanks to Beijing’s long history and status as capital for six dynasties, almost every hutong has its anecdotes, and some are even associated with historic events. In contrast to the court life and elite culture represented by the Forbidden City, Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect the culture of grassroots Beijingers. The hutongs are residential neighborhoods which still form the heart of Old Beijing.

Other information

Each hutong has a name. Some have had only one name since their creation, while others have had several throughout their history.

Names were given to hutongs for various reasons:

Place names, such as Inner Xizhimen Hutong
Plants, such as Liushu Hutong (Liushu means willow)
Directions, as Xi Hongmen Hutong (Xi means west)
Beijing idioms such as Yizi Hutong (a local term for soap is yizi)
Words with positive attributes, such as Xiqing Hutong (Xiqing means happy)
Markets and businesses, such as Yangshi Hutong (Yangshi is a sheep market)
Temples, such as Guanyinsi Hutong (Guanyinsi is the Kuan-yin Temple)
People's names, such as Mengduan Hutong.

While most Beijing hutongs are straight, Jiudaowan Hutong turns nineteen times.

At its narrowest section, Qianshi Hutong near Qianmen (Front Gate) is only 40 centimeters wide.

References

External links

[1] ttp://archrecord.construction.com/features/beijing/deathandlife/oldbeijing-1.asp

[byu-2] "Hutong: Stone Arch", Saskia Digital Collection, Brigham Young University

[3] ttp://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jun/05/greenbuilding.ethicalliving

[4] ttp://archrecord.construction.com/features/beijing/warpspeed/0807beijing-3.asp

[5] ttp://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jun/05/greenbuilding.ethicalliving

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