Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal
File:CapitalismBook.jpg First edition with slipcase | |
Author | Ayn Rand |
---|---|
Language | English |
Subject | Political philosophy |
Publisher | New American Library |
Publication date | 1966 (1st edition) 1967 (2nd edition) |
Publication place | United States |
Media type | |
Pages | 209 (1st edition) 349 (2nd edition) |
ISBN | 978-0451147950 |
Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal is a collection of essays, mostly by Ayn Rand, with additional essays by her associates Nathaniel Branden, Alan Greenspan and Robert Hessen. The book focuses on the moral nature of laissez-faire capitalism and private property. The book has a very specific definition of capitalism, a system it regards as broader than simply property rights or free enterprise. It was originally published in 1966.
Publication history
Most of the essays originally appeared in The Objectivist Newsletter or The Objectivist. The hardcover first edition was published by New American Library in 1966. When the book was published in paperback in 1967, it was revised to include two additional essays. In 1970, Rand revised the introduction to reflect her break with Nathaniel Branden.
Contents
Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal is, in Rand's words, a comprehensive defense of the only social system consistent with man's requirements as a rational being: laissez-faire capitalism.
After an introduction by Rand, the book is divided into two main sections. The first section, "Theory and History", contains essays that focus on the theoretical basis for capitalism and historical arguments related to it. This section includes essays arguing against common objections to capitalism. The second section, "Current State", focuses on contemporary political issues from the 1960s. The topics covered in this section include the Vietnam War, student protests, and the papal encyclical Populorum progressio. An "Appendix" section reprints two essays on political theory previously published in Rand's earlier book, The Virtue of Selfishness. A recommended reading list about capitalism is also provided.
Table of Contents:
- Introduction
- Theory and History
- 1 What is Capitalism?, Ayn Rand
- 2 The Roots of War, Ayn Rand
- 3 America’s Persecuted Minority: Big Business, Ayn Rand
- 4 Antitrust, Alan Greenspan
- 5 Common Fallacies About Capitalism, Nathaniel Branden
- 6 Gold and Economic Freedom, Alan Greenspan
- 7 Notes on the History of American Free Enterprise, Ayn Rand
- 8 The Effects of the Industrial Revolution on Women and Children, Robert Hessen
- 9 The Assault on Integrity, Alan Greenspan
- 10 The Property Status of Airwaves, Ayn Rand
- 11 Patents and Copyrights, Ayn Rand
- 12 Theory and Practice, Ayn Rand
- 13 Let Us Alone!, Ayn Rand
- Current State
- 14 The Anatomy of Compromise, Ayn Rand
- 15 Is Atlas Shrugging?, Ayn Rand
- 16 The Pull Peddlers, Ayn Rand
- 17 “Extremism,” or The Art of Smearing, Ayn Rand
- 18 The Obliteration of Capitalism, Ayn Rand
- 19 Conservatism: An Obituary, Ayn Rand
- 20 The New Fascism: Rule by Consensus, Ayn Rand
- 21 The Wreckage of the Consensus, Ayn Rand
- 22 The Cashing-in: The Student Rebellion, Ayn Rand
- 23 Alienation, Nathaniel Brandon
- 24 Requiem for Man, Ayn Rand
- Appendix
- Man’s Rights, Ayn Rand
- The Nature of Government,[1] Ayn Rand
- Recommended Bibliography
- Index
Themes
Rand applies her philosophy of Objectivism to the subject of politics. When Rand talks of capitalism, she means laissez-faire capitalism, in which there is a complete separation of state and economics "in the same way and for the same reasons as the separation of church and state." Rand says, "Objectivists are not 'conservatives'. We are radicals for capitalism; we are fighting for that philosophical base which capitalism did not have and without which it was doomed to perish."
Rand says that most people do not know what capitalism is, which is why it is "the unknown ideal."
What is capitalism?
As understood by Rand, capitalism is the system that emerges among a group of free individuals, each applying time and reason to sustain his or her own life, each the owner of the means to do so, freely trading among themselves.
Rand regarded a mixed economy as a dangerous and unstable combination of freedom and controls which inexorably evolves into statism.
Reason and values
Rand held capitalism to be the only moral social system, that is, one consistent with an objective theory of value and ethical individualism. The creation of wealth, according to Rand, is a fusion of mind and matter, and she argued that reason is the most fundamental tool of survival for human beings. However, rational thought is rendered inoperative under conditions of compulsion, coercion or, as she puts it, the initiation of physical force. Whether it is the force of an armed robber or the force of a law, an actor's own judgment is rendered irrelevant to his actions by a threat of force, compelling him to act on the judgment or will of another, thus neutralizing the source of wealth and survival itself. Only voluntary trade can ensure that human interaction is mutually beneficial, and an analysis of history shows that only economic and political freedom has worked to create significant growth and economic development, precisely by liberating the rational faculties of ever wider numbers of individuals, according to Rand.
Individual rights
In its most basic form, the right to life (as understood by Rand) is the right of each human to do any and all activities necessary to sustain his or her own life. Rand further argued that one's selfish interests can never rationally entail the use of physical force or violence against the person or the property of another. Rand saw humans as thriving only as independent beings, reason being a faculty of the individual, with each freely expending his own time, effort and reason to sustain his own life.
Rand suggested that through the division of labor, specialization and voluntary trade, other people are of enormous value to an individual. Moreover, knowledge, skills and interests vary from human to human. One person may be better at shaping flint into arrowheads, another may have acquired the skill to turn mud into pottery. If the first wants a pot to cook in, he may trade an arrowhead for a pot. The central feature of free trade is that each participant judges that he or she has gained from the transaction.
When physical force is banned, according to Rand, persuasion alone can organize or coordinate human activity, and, consequently, the use of reason is both liberated and rewarded. The technological innovation which characterizes capitalist systems is thus directly related to conditions of economic freedom. A producer profits and becomes wealthy only by satisfying the voluntary choices of other market participants and in direct proportion to the value those participants find in transactions with that producer.
In this way, individuals who themselves could have never invented, for example, the light bulb or the steam engine can none the less benefit from the creativity of others – but this can be only ensured when both the innovator and the consumer are free to refuse the proposed trade. This, according to Rand, is the mechanism behind America's rapid economic development, its liberation of human reason.
Freedom being the primary condition for the practical use of reason, the role of government in protecting individual rights is therefore fundamental, according to Rand, and it is equally fundamental that the government itself be limited to its role of protecting rights, for only by rendering all human interaction voluntary, i.e., free from the initiated coercion of criminals and laws, can the market operate to radically improve the lives of everyone. To the extent that it has been permitted to operate, this is what a free market has done, argued Rand.
Thus, she held, "a free mind and a free market are corollaries."
Reception
Compared to Rand's earlier books, Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal received relatively few reviews. Positive reviews appeared in The Freeman and the Houston Chronicle, and Barron's Magazine published a review by Rand's associate Leonard Peikoff. A negative review appeared in Book Week, and another negative review, in The New Republic was titled, "Here We Go Gathering Nuts".
Economist Walter E. Williams has described the work as "one of the best defenses and explanations of capitalism one is likely to read."[1]
See also
References
- ^ Williams, Walter. ""Book Recommendation List"". Walter E. Williams Homepage. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
- Rand, A., (1967) Ayn Rand - Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal.
- Capitalism - Theory, The Ayn Rand Lexicon.