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Władysław Syrokomla

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Ludwik Kondratowicz
Władysław Syrokomla by Adam Szemesz
Władysław Syrokomla by Adam Szemesz
BornLudwik Władysław Franciszek Kondratowicz
(1823-09-29)September 29, 1823
Smolhów, Russian Empire
DiedSeptember 15, 1862(1862-09-15) (aged 38)
Vilno, Russian Empire
Resting placeRasos Cemetery, Vilnius
Pen nameWładysław Syrokomla
LanguagePolish
NationalityPolish
GenreRomanticism
Signature
Memorial of Władysław Syrokomla, in the Church of St. Johns, Vilnius, Lithuania

Władysław Syrokomla was the pseudonym of Ludwik Władysław Franciszek Kondratowicz (1823–1862), a Polish[1] romantic poet, writer and translator.

Biography

Syrokomla was born September 29, 1823 in the village of Smolków, Imperial Russia (now Smolhov, Minsk Voblast, Belarus), to an impoverished szlachta family.[2][3][4][5] His parents were Aleksander Kajetan Kondratowicz (d. 1858) and Wiktoria (née Złotkowska).[6] His uncles was Hilary Kondratowicz (1790-1823), a Polish teacher of maths in gymnasium in Wilno, who published some articles in Wiadomości Brukowe.[6][7] A year after his birth his parents moved to another village (Jaśkowicze).[5] In 1833 he entered the Dominican school in Nesvizh (Nieśwież).[5] He had to give up his studies due to financial problems. In 1837 he began work in a Marchaczewszczyzna folwark.[5] Between 1841 and 1844, he worked as a clerk in the Radziwiłł family land manager's office.[4][5] On April 16, 1844 in Niaśviž he married Paulina Mitraszewska, with whom he had four children; three of them would die in the same year (1852).[5]

In 1844 he published the first of his poems - Pocztylion - under the pen-name Władysław Syrokomla, coined after his familys' coat of arms.[4][5] The same year he also rented the small village of Załucze.[4] In 1853, after the death of three of his children, he sold it or gave his manor to his parents, and settled in Vilnius (Wilno) itself.[3][4][5] After a few months he rented the village of Borejkowszczyzna, near Vilnius.[5] He became one of the editors (1861–1862) of the Kurier Wileński, the largest and most prestigious Polish-language daily newspaper published in the Vilnius area.[4] In 1858 he visited Kraków, and some time later he visited Warsaw.[3] For taking part in an anti-tsarist demonstrations in 1861 in Warsaw he was arrested by the Okhrana and then sentenced to home arrest in his manor in Borejkowszczyzna (now Bareikiškės).[4][5] He died on September 15, 1862 and was buried in the Rasos Cemetery in Vilnius.[3][5]

Throughout his life, Syrokomla would remain impoverished; Czesław Miłosz wrote that he was "forever struggling against his lack of education and his poverty".[5][8] Despite that, Syrokomla had many influential and even wealthy friends; his manor was visited by count Eustachy Tyszkiewicz, Stanisław Moniuszko, Ignacy Chodźko, Mikołaj Malinowski, Antoni Pietkiewicz and others.[5]

Works

Syrkomla was influenced by Adam Mickiewicz.[9] In his prose he supported the liberation of peasants and secession of the lands of former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from Imperial Russia, which had annexed portions of the Commonwealth, including its Lithuanian areas, during its late 18th-century partitions.

Among the most notable of Syrokomla's works are translations of various Russian, French, Ukrainian, German and Latin poets, including works by Goethe, Heine, Lermontov, Shevchenko, Nekrasov, Béranger and others. His translations are considered a "great service" for Polish language.[10] Syrokomla also produced a number of works about Lithuania's rustic nature, people and customs.[2][9] The vast majority of his works were written in the Polish language, however, he also wrote several poems in Belorussian.[8] During his lifetime, his works were translated into several languages, including Lithuanian.[11] The composer Tchaikovsky adapted one of his works expressing a sympathetic view of the then-unliberated peasants - The Coral Beads - into a song.[12] He also wrote of the Karaite community in Lithuania and its mosques and of a Jewish bookseller in Vilnius.[13][14]

Some of his works are classified as gawęda (a story-like Polish epic literary genre).[8]

  • Translations of Polish-Latin poets of Sigismund's age like Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (Przekłady poetów polsko-łacińskich epoki zygmuntowskiej m.in. Macieja Kazimierza Sarbiewskiego)
  • Chats and rhymes elusive (Gawędy i rymy ulotne) (1853)
  • Born Jan Dęboróg (Urodzony Jan Dęboróg)
  • Poetries of the last hour (Poezje ostatniej godziny)
  • Liberation of peasants (Wyzwolenie włościan)
  • Margier. A poem from Lithuania's history (Margier. Poemat z dziejów Litwy) (1855)
  • Good Thursday (Wielki Czwartek) (1856)
  • Janko the Cemetery-man (Janko Cmentarnik) (1857)
  • Kasper Kaliński (1858)
  • A house in the forest (Chatka w lesie) (1855–1856)
  • Hrabia na Wątorach (1856)
  • The magnates and the orphan (Możnowładcy i sierota) (1859)
  • Politicians from the countryside (Wiejscy politycy) (1858)
  • Wojnarowski
  • A journey of a familiar man through his familiar land (Podróż swojaka po swojszczyźnie)
  • The history of literature in Poland (Dzieje literatury w Polsce)

Legacy

During Syrokomla's burial ceremony, Lithuanian poet Edvardas Jokūbas Daukša (Jakub Dakusza) emphasized that while Syrokomla was influenced by Polish culture, he was a Lithuanian poet, closest to Lithuania after Adam Mickiewicz.[5][11] His birthplace was located within the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and he referred to himself as a Lithuanian.[15][8] While majority of sources refer to him as a "Polish poet", his legacy is best understood in the context of the multicultural Polish-Lithuanian identity.[1] His works was often translated into Lithuanian and Belarusian languages.[16]

In Warsaw's residential district Bródno (city district Warszawa-Targówek) there are two streets dedicated to the poet: Ludwik Kondratowicz St and Władysław Syrokomla St.

In Vilnius, a Polish-language school of the Polish minority in Lithuania is named after him.[16][17] Also in Smolgowo in Belarus is school named after Syrokomla.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Tomas Venclova (March 1999). Winter Dialogue. Northwestern University Press. pp. 144–. ISBN 9780810117266. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
  2. ^ a b Michael J. Mikoś (June 2002). Polish romantic literature: an anthology. Slavica. ISBN 9780893572815. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  3. ^ a b c d Paul Soboleski (1881). Poets and poetry of Poland: a collection of Polish verse, including a short account of the history of Polish poetry, with sixty biographical sketches of Poland's poets and specimens of their composition. Knight & Leonard, printers. pp. 389–. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Template:Pl icon Syrokomla Władysław, Encyklopedia WIEM
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Template:Pl icon Irena Rusakiewicz, WILNIANIE ZASŁUŻENI DLA LITWY, POLSKI, EUROPY I ŚWIATA: Syrokomla Władysław (Ludwik Kondratowicz) (1823 - 1862). Litwa w twórczości Władysława Syrokomli
  6. ^ a b Kiśliak, Elżbieta. "Władysław Syrokomla". Polski Słownik Biograficzny. Vol. 46. Polska Akademia Nauk & Polska Akademia Umiejętności. p. 300.
  7. ^ Więsław Witold (2002). "Matematyka wileńska za czasów Adama Mickiewicza" (PDF). Roczniki Polskiego Towarzystwa Matematycznego. Seria II Wiadomości Matematyczne. 38: 165.
  8. ^ a b c d Czesław Miłosz (1983). The history of Polish literature. University of California Press. pp. 256–. ISBN 9780520044777. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  9. ^ a b William Fiddian Reddaway (1971). The Cambridge history of Poland. CUP Archive. pp. 332–. GGKEY:2G7C1LPZ3RN. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  10. ^ Paul Soboleski (1881). Poets and poetry of Poland: a collection of Polish verse, including a short account of the history of Polish poetry, with sixty biographical sketches of Poland's poets and specimens of their composition. Knight & Leonard, printers. pp. 388–. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  11. ^ a b Template:Lt icon Birutė LISAUSKAITĖ, Vladislovas Sirokomlė (1823 - 1862 m.). 2007
  12. ^ Richard D. Sylvester (January 2004). Tchaikovsky's complete songs: a companion with texts and translations. Indiana University Press. p. 157. ISBN 9780253216762. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  13. ^ Christoph Marcinkowski (2009). The Islamic world and the West: managing religious and cultural identities in the age of globalisation. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 100. ISBN 9783643800015. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  14. ^ Aleksander Hertz (1988). The Jews in Polish culture. Northwestern University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780810107588. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  15. ^ Peter J. Potichnyj; Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies; McMaster University. Interdepartmental Committee on Communist and East European Affairs (1980). Poland and Ukraine, past and present. CIUS Press. p. 117. ISBN 9780920862070. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
  16. ^ a b c Kiśliak, Elżbieta. "Władysław Syrokomla". Polski Słownik Biograficzny. Vol. 46. Polska Akademia Nauk & Polska Akademia Umiejętności. p. 307.
  17. ^ Template:Pl icon O szkole > Historia, Szkoła średnia im. Władysława Syrokomli w Wilnie / Vilniaus Vladislavo Sirokomlės vidurinė mokykla
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