Gaius Gracchus
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| These articles cover the Ancient Roman Comitium of the Republican era | |
|---|---|
| Structures- | Rostra, Curia Hostilia, Curia Julia, Lapis Niger |
| Politicians- | Cicero, Gaius Gracchus, Julius Caesar |
| Assemblies- | Roman Senate, comitia curiata |
Gaius Sempronius Gracchus (154 BC – 121 BC) was a Roman Populari politician in the 2nd century BC and brother of the ill-fated reformer Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. His election to the office of tribune in the years 123 and 122 BC and reformative policies whilst in office prompted a constitutional crisis and his death at the hands of the Roman Senate in 121.
Background
Gaius Gracchus was born into a family who had a strong tradition in the politics of ancient Rome. His father, Tiberius Gracchus the Elder, was a powerful man in Roman politics throughout the 2nd century BC and had built up a large and powerful clientele largely based in Spain. His mother was Cornelia Africana, daughter of Scipio Africanus, a woman once courted by Ptolemy VIII, the King of Egypt. The family was attached to the Claudii faction in Roman politics despite his mother's background. It can be supposed, however, that both the Gracchi brothers would have come into contact with powerful members of both the Claudii and Cornelii Scipiones factions.[1]
Gaius Gracchus was the younger brother of Tiberius Gracchus, by about nine years. He was heavily influenced both by the reformative policy of his older brother, and by his death at the hands of a senatorial mob. Plutarch suggests that it was "the grief he had suffered [that] encouraged him to speak out fearlessly, whenever he lamented the fate of his brother."[2] Certainly aspects of his reforms, and especially his judicial reforms, seem to have been directed at the people responsible for his brother's death.
Political career prior to 123 BC
The political career of Gaius Gracchus prior to 123 started with a seat on his brother Tiberius's land-commission upon its formation in 133 BC. He served, in 126, as a quaestor in the Roman province of Sardinia. His support for the reforms of Gaius Papirius Carbo and Marcus Fulvius Flaccus, his evident skills at oration and his association with the reforms of his brother led the senatorial nobles to try him on charges plainly false or heavily exaggerated. He cleared himself with ease and in 122 was elected to serve as a tribune for the following year.[3]
Reforms
Gaius' social reforms were far wider reaching than those of his brother Tiberius. Perhaps motivated by the fate of his brother, some of his earliest reforms dealt with the judiciary system. He first attacked the measure by which the senate had set up, under the consul Popillius, a special tribunal with powers of capital punishment to try Gracchian supporters in 132. Courts with capital punishment, not set up by the people, were now declared illegal by a retrospective measure which saw Popilius driven into exile. Further reforms to the judicial system were passed to check the practice of senatorial juries in the acquitting members of their own class of extortion. Control of the court dedicated to the trials of extortion, the Lex Acilia, was given to the equites and the procedure was rewritten to favor the prosecutors.[4]
Economically, Gaius' land reforms were continued and broadened, providing for larger allotments so free labourers could be employed. Large overseas colonies were planned to provide for thousands of settlers which may have included some Italians as well as Roman citizens. The state was also required by the law, Lex Frumentaria, to buy grain supplies imported from North Africa and Sicily and to store them in bulk to allow the distributation of a monthly ration to all Roman citizens at a low price. The construction of a widespread secondary road system was enacted to facilitate communication and trade across Italy and the contract to collect taxes in Asia was auctioned off in Rome by the censors.
Gaius also made a few reforms to the military through the passing of the Lex Militaris. This law required the government to clothe and equip Roman soldiers without deductions from their pay, shortened the term of military service, and forbade the draft of boys under the age of seventeen. The intent of these reforms was to improve army morale and to win the political support of soldiers, allies, and voters with small incomes.[5]
Politically Gaius' most farsighted proposal was the 'franchise bill', a measure which would have seen the distribution of Roman citizenship to all Latin citizens and the extension of Latin citizenship to all Italian allies. This proposal was rejected because the Roman plebeians had no wish to share the benefits of citizenship, including cheap grain and entertainment. The rejection of this measure led, in part, to the disastrous Social War of 90 BC.[6]
Reaction of the senate and the death
After his second election to the tribune in 122 BC, the Senate started to oppose Gaius' reforms, through the use of another tribune Marcus Livius Drusus, to effectively outbid Gaius for the support of the people. Thus when Gaius proposed a scheme for the creation of two new colonies Drusus proposed the creation of twelve. Also the widespread opposition to the franchise bill allowed the senate to undermine Gaius' popularity and as a result he failed in his bid for a third term as tribune. Furthermore the election of Lucius Opimius, a political enemy of Gaius, to consul in 121 BC, as well as Marcus Minucius Rufus, another political enemy of Gaius, to tribune meant the repeal of as many of Gaius' measures as possible.[7]
On the day that Opimius planned to repeal Gaius' laws, a conflict between the supporters of the two opposing groups on Capitoline Hill led to the death of a servant of Opimius. This allowed Opimius a pretext for action. The following day the senate passed the senatus consultum ultimum and a force of senators and equites marched against Gaius and his supporters, who included Marcus Fulvius Flaccus, who had occupied the Aventine Hill. Gaius fled to the grove of Furrina on Janiculum where he committed suicide and Flaccus was arrested and put to death. Three thousand Gracchian supporters were also subsequently arrested and put to death.[8]
External links
At the Internet Classics Archive, MIT:
- "Caius Gracchus", by Plutarch, translated by John Dryden
- "The Comparison of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus with Agis and Cleomenes", by Plutarch, translated by John Dryden
References
- ^ Bradley P., Ancient Rome: Using Evidence, Cambridge University Press, 2007
- ^ Plutarch, Makers of Rome, Penguin Books, 1965
- ^ Cary M. and Scullard H., A History of Rome, PANGRAVE, 1989
- ^ Bradley P., Ancient Rome: Using Evidence, Cambridge University Press, 2007
- ^ Ward Allen, Heichelheim Fritz, and Yeo Cedric, A History of the Roman People, Prentice Hall, 1999
- ^ Cary M. and Scullard H., A History of Rome, PANGRAVE, 1989
- ^ Cary M. and Scullard H., A History of Rome, PANGRAVE, 1989
- ^ Cary M. and Scullard H., A History of Rome, PANGRAVE, 1989