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First edition cover

Pilgrim at Tinker Creek is a 1974 nonfiction narrative book by American author Annie Dillard. Told from a first-person point of view, the book details an unnamed narrator's explorations near her home, and various contemplations on nature and life. The title refers to Tinker Creek, which is located outside Roanoke in Virginia's Blue Ridge Mountains. Dillard began writing Pilgrim in the spring of 1973, using her personal journals as inspiration. Separated into four sections that signify each of the seasons, the narrative takes place over the period of one year.

The book records the narrator's thoughts on solitude, writing, and religion, as well as scientific observations on the flora and fauna she encounters. Touching upon themes of faith, nature, and awareness, Pilgrim is also noted for its study of theodicy and the inherent cruelty of the natural world. The author has described it as a "book of theology", although she rejects the label of nature writer. Dillard considers the story a "single sustained nonfiction narrative", although several chapters have been anthologized separately in magazines and other publications. The book is analogous in design and genre to Henry David Thoreau's Walden, the subject of Dillard's master's thesis at Hollins College. Critics often compare Dillard to authors from the Transcendentalist movement; Edward Abbey in particular deemed her Thoreau's "true heir".

Since its initial publication, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek has been lauded by critics. It won the 1975 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-fiction, and in 1999 it was listed in Modern Library's 100 Best Nonfiction Books.

Background and publication

Tinker Creek is part of the upper Roanoke River watershed, like this body of water running through Wasena, Roanoke, Virginia

Dillard, the daughter of an oil company executive, grew up in an upper middle-class home in Pittsburgh.[1] A voracious reader, one of her favorite books was Ann Haven Morgan's The Field Book of Ponds and Streams, which she compared to the Book of Common Prayer; in painstaking detail, it instructed one on the study and collection of plants and insects.[2] She attended Hollins College in Roanoke County, Virginia, receiving both a Bachelor's and a Master's degree. At Hollins she came under the tutelage of poet and creative writing professor Richard Henry Wilde Dillard, whom Annie married in 1965. She would later state that Richard taught her everything she knew about writing.[3] Her master's thesis, "Walden Pond and Thoreau", studied the eponymous pond as a structuring device for Henry David Thoreau's Walden.[4] Dillard's knowledge of Thoreau's works were an obvious inspiration, although critics have pointed to many differences between their two works. However, in a nod to her influence, Dillard mentions within the text that she named her goldfish Ellery Channing, after one of Thoreau's closest friends.[5]

After graduating in 1968, she continued to live in Virginia, near the Blue Ridge Mountains. Two years later she began keeping a journal, in which she recorded her daily walks around Tinker Creek. Her journals would eventually consist of 20 volumes.[6] In 1971, after suffering from a serious bout of pneumonia, she decided to write a full-length book dedicated to her nature writings.[7] Dillard wrote the first half of Pilgrim at her home in spring 1973, and the remaining half the following summer in a study carrel "that overlooked a tar-and-gravel roof" at the Hollins College library.[8] She would later explain her choice of writing location as stemming from her wanting to avoid "appealing workplaces.... One wants a room with no view, so imagination can meet memory in the dark."[9] When she first began writing the book, Dillard would only dedicate one or two hours a day to the task; by the last two months, however, she was writing nearly 15–16 hours a day.[10]

Dillard's primary reader for Pilgrim was a Hollins professor called John Rees Moore. After she would finish a chapter, she would bring it to Moore to critique. Moore in particular recommended that she expand the book's first chapter "to make clear, and to state bolding, what it was [she] was up to," a suggestion that Dillard at first dismissed, but would later admit was good advice.[11] Pilgrim at Tinker Creek was published by Harper's Magazine Press in 1974, and was dedicated to Dillard's husband, Richard. Editor in chief Larry Freundlich remarked upon first reading the book: "I never expected to see a manuscript this good in my life.... The chance to publish a book like this is what publishers are here for."[12]

Summary

Written in a series of internal monologues and reflections, the book is told from the point-of-view of an unnamed narrator who lives next to Tinker Creek, in the Blue Ridge Mountains near Roanoke, Virginia. Over the course of a year, the narrator observes and reflects upon the changing of the seasons as well as the flora and fauna near her home. Pilgrim is divided into four sections—one for each season—consisting of separate, named chapters: "Heaven and Earth in Jest", "Seeing", "Winter", "The Fixed", "The Knot", "The Present", "Spring", "Intricacy", "Flood", "Fecundity", "Stalking", "Nightwatch", "The Horns of the Altar", "Northing", and "The Waters of Separation".

The first chapter, "Heaven and Earth in Jest", serves as an introduction to the book. The narrator describes the location:

I live by a creek, Tinker Creek, in a valley in Virginia's Blue Ridge. An anchorite's hermitage is called an anchor-hold; some anchor-holds were simple sheds clamped to the side of a church like a barnacle or a rock. I think of this house clamped to the side of Tinker Creek as an anchor-hold. It holds me at anchor to the rock bottom of the creek itself and keeps me steadied in the current, as a sea anchor does, facing the stream of light pouring down. It's a good place to live; there's a lot to think about.[13]

In the afterword of the 1999 Harper Perennial Modern Classics edition, Dillard states that the first half of the book is the via positiva, which "accumulates the world's goodness and God's." The second half, the via negativa, ends with the chapter "Northing" which Dillard notes is the counterpart of the second chapter, "Seeing".[14] The narrative is composed of vignettes detailing the narrator's wanderings around the creek. In "The Present" the narrator encounters a puppy at a gas station off the highway, and pats its belly while contemplating the view of the nearby mountain range; the reflective act of "petting the puppy" is referred to in several other chapters. In "Stalking", the narrator pursues a group of muskrats in the creek during summer. One of the most famous passages comes from the beginning of the book, when the narrator witnesses a frog being drained and devoured by a water beetle.

Style and genre

Pilgrim at Tinker Creek is a work of creative nonfiction that uses poetic devices such as metaphor, repetition, and inversion to convey the importance of recurrent themes.[15] Although it is often described as a series of essays, Dillard has insisted it is a continuous work, as evidenced by her references to events from previous chapters as the narrative progresses.[16] Although the chapters are separately named—several have also been published separately in magazines and anthologies—she referred to the book in a 1989 interview as a "single sustained nonfiction narrative".[17] Dillard has also resisted the label of "nature writer", especially in regard to Pilgrim. She stated, "There's usually a bit of nature in what I write, but I don't consider myself a nature writer."[18]

The book often quotes and alludes to Walden, although Dillard does not explicitly state her interest in Thoreau's work. Critic Donna Mendelson notes that Thoreau's "presence is so potent in her book that Dillard can borrow from [him] both straightforwardly and also humorously."[19] Although the two works are often compared Pilgrim does not comment upon the social world as Walden does; rather, it is completely rooted in observations of the natural world. Unlike Thoreau, Dillard does not make connections between the history of social and natural aspects,[20] nor does she believe in an ordered universe. Whereas Thoreau refers to the machine-like universe, in which the creator is akin to a master watchmaker, Dillard recognizes the imperfection of creation, in which "something is everywhere and always amiss".[21]

In her review for The New York Times, Eudora Welty noted Pilgrim's narrator being "the only person in [Dillard's] book, substantially the only one in her world.... Speaking of the universe very often, she is yet self-surrounded".[22] Dillard herself later referred to the "invisible narrator" in Pilgrim at Tinker Creek, and the book's narrator—while referring to the "infinite power" of God—asserts that "invisibility is the all-time great 'cover'".[23] As Nancy C. Parrish—author of the 1998 book "Lee Smith, Annie Dillard, and the Hollins Group: A Genesis of Writers"—noted, despite it having been written in the first person, Pilgrim is not necessarily autobiographical. The narrator, "Annie Dillard", therefore becomes a persona through which the author can experience and describe "thoughts and events that the real Annie Dillard had only heard about or studied or imagined."[24] Critic Suzanne Clark also points to the "peculiar evasiveness" of Dillard-the-author, noting that "when we read Annie Dillard, we don't know who is writing. There is a silence in the place where they might be an image of the social self—of personality, character, or ego".[25] While most critics assume that the narrator is female, mostly due to the autobiographical elements of the book and the assumption that the narrator is Dillard herself, Clark questions whether the narrator is male. Stating that Dillard uses "a variety of male voices, male styles" throughout the book, Clark asks, "When Dillard quit writing Pilgrim at Tinker Creek in the persona of a fifty year old man, did she then begin to write as a woman?"[26]

Themes

Annie Dillard, portrait by Phyllis Rose

Religion and nature

Pilgrim is often noted for its study of theodicy. The narrator attempts to reconcile the harsh natural world, with its "seemingly horrid mortality", with the belief in a benevolent God. Death is repeatedly mentioned as a natural, although cruel progression: "Evolution", the narrator states, "loves death more than it loves you or me."[27] A passage in the second chapter of the book describes a frog being "sucked dry" by a "giant water bug" as the narrator watches; this necessary cruelty shows order in life and death, no matter how difficult it may be to watch.[28] The narrator especially sees inherent cruelty in the insect world: "Fish gotta swim and birds gotta fly... insects, it seems, gotta do one horrible thing after another. I never ask why of a vulture or a shark, but I ask why of almost every insect I see. More than one insect...is an assault on all human virtue, all hope of a reasonable god."[29] While she remains drawn to the ultimately repugnant and amoral natural world, she also questions her place in it. The narrator states, "I had thought to live by the side of the creek in order to shape my life to its free flow. But I seem to have reached a point where I must draw the line. It looks as though the creek is not buoying me up but dragging me down."[30]

The title of the book suggests a pilgrimage, and yet the narrator does not stray far from her home near the creek: the journey is metaphysical.[31] Margaret Loewen Reimer, in one of the first critical studies based on the book, noted that Dillard's treatment of the metaphysical is similar to that of Herman Melville. While "Melville's eyes saw mainly the darkness and the horror" of the natural world, possibly stemming from his New England Puritan roots, Dillard's "sinister" vision of the world comes "more from a horror at the seeming mindlessness of nature's design than from a deeply pervasive sense of evil."[32] Unlike Melville, however, Dillard does not moralize the natural world or seek to find parallels in human cultural acts; focusing largely on observation as well as scientific analysis, Dillard follows the example of Charles Darwin and other naturalists.[33]

The "pilgrim" narrator seeks to behold the sacred, which she dedicates herself to finding either by "stalking" or "seeing". At one point, she sees a cedar tree near her house "charged and transfigured, each cell buzzing with flame" as the light hits it; this burning vision, reminiscent of creation's holy "fire", "comes and goes, mostly goes, but I live for it."[34] Critic Jenny Emery Davidson believes that Dillard's act of "stalking" allows her to rewrite the hunting myth, a popular theme in nature writing which mediates the space between nature and humans. Although a long tradition of male nature writers—including James Fenimore Cooper, Jack London and Richard Nelson—have used this theme as "a symbolic ritual of violence", Dillard "ventures into the terrain of the hunt, employing its rhetoric while also challenging its conventions."[35]

Seeing and awareness

While some critics describe Pilgrim at Tinker Creek as being more devoted to speculation of the divine and natural world, than to self-exploration, others approach the work in terms of Dillard's attention to self-aware analysis. For example, critic Mary Davidson McConahay points to Dillard's Thoreauvian "commitment to awareness" in the book.[36]

Awareness plays an important role in the book; the narrator is not only self-aware, but also alert to every detail around her. Pilgrim's second chapter defines two types of seeing: "seeing as verbalization" (active) and "seeing as letting go" (passive).[37] The act of seeing is exhaustive and exhausting, as one of the chapters relates: "I look at the water: minnows and shiners. If I am thinking minnows, a carp will fill my brain till I scream. I look at the water's surface: skaters, bubbles, and leaves sliding down. Suddenly my own face, reflected, startles me witless. Those snails have been tracking my face! Finally, with a shuddering wrench of the will, I see clouds, cirrus clouds. I'm dizzy. I fall in. This looking business is risky."[38] Furthermore, the structure of the book itself leads to an epiphany of self-awareness, which critic Sandra Johnson refers to as the "mystical experience"; as the narrator watches a falling maple key, she feels "lost, sunk... gazing toward Tinker Mountain and feeling the earth reel down".[39]

Reception and awards

The book was a critical and financial success, selling more than 37,000 copies within two months of publication. It went through eight separate printings in the first two years, and the paperback rights were quickly purchased.[40] Dillard was unnerved by the crush of attention; shortly after the book was published, she wrote, "I'm starting to have dreams about Tinker Creek. Lying face down in it, all muddy and dried up and I'm drowning in it." She feared she had "shot my lifetime wad. Pilgrim is not only the wisdom of my 28 years but I think it's the wisdom of my whole life."[41]

The initial consensus among reviewers was that it was "an unusual treatise on nature", and despite being a bestseller, Pilgrim received very little critical attention until more than five years after its publication.[42] The book was published soon after her poetry collection Tickets for a Prayer Wheel (1974, University of Missouri Press). Reviewing both volumes for America, John Breslin noted the similarities between the two: "Even if her first book of poems had not been published simultaneously, the language she uses in Pilgrim would have given her away."[43] The Saturday Evening Post also praised Dillard's poetic ability in Pilgrim at Tinker Creek, noting that "the poet in her is everywhere evident in this prose-poem of hers: the reader's attention is caught not only by the freshness of her insights, but by the beauty of her descriptions as well."[44] Melvin Maddocks, a reviewer for Time, noted what he found to be a misleading undertone: "Reader, beware of this deceptive girl, mouthing her piety about 'the secret of seeing' being 'the pearl of great price', modestly insisting, 'I am no scientist. I explore the neighborhood.' Here is no gentle romantic twirling a buttercup, no graceful inscriber of 365 inspirational prose poems. As she guides the attention to a muskrat, to a monarch butterfly, a heron or a coot, Miss Dillard is stalking the reader as surely as any predator stalks its game."[45]

Early reviewers Charles Nicol and J. C. Peirce linked Dillard with the Transcendentalism movement, comparing her to Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson.[32] Author and environmentalist Edward Abbey, known as the "Thoreau of the American West", stated that Dillard was the "true heir of the Master". He wrote, "she alone has been able to compose, successfully, in Thoreau's extravagant and transcendental manner."[46] Critic Scott Slovic wrote in his 1992 book Seeking Awareness in American Nature Writing: Henry Thoreau, Annie Dillard, Edward Abbey, Wendell Berry, Barry Lopez that Pilgrim at Tinker Creek eventually "catapulted [Dillard] to prominence among contemporary American nonfiction writers—particularly among nature writers—and stimulated a wealth of reviews and a steadily accumulating body of criticism."[47] Gary McIlroy believed that Dillard's work is distinctive for its "vibrant rediscovery of the woods. [She] studies the wildest remnants of the Virginia woodlands, stirring all the dark and promising mysteries of the American frontier.[48]

Pilgrim at Tinker Creek won the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-fiction in 1975, when Dillard was 29 years old. The jury noted in its nomination that "Miss Dillard is an expert observer in whom science has not etiolated a sense of awe.... Her book is a blend of observation and introspection, mystery and knowledge. We unanimously recommend it for the prize."[49] Since its initial publication, portions of the book have been anthologized in over thirty collections.[20] In 1999 it was listed in Modern Library' 100 Best Nonfiction Books, both on the board's and the reader's lists.[50]

Notes

  1. ^ Scheese (1996), p. 121
  2. ^ Dillard (1994), p. 173
  3. ^ Smith (1991), p. 7
  4. ^ Parrish (1998), p. 149
  5. ^ McIlroy (1994), p. 91
  6. ^ Scheese (1996), p. 126
  7. ^ Scheese (1996), p. 122
  8. ^ Dillard (1989), p. 27
  9. ^ Scheese (1996), p. 125
  10. ^ Smith (1991), p. 8
  11. ^ Parrish (1998), p. 138
  12. ^ Smith (1991), p. 1
  13. ^ Dillard (1999), p. 4
  14. ^ Dillard (1999), pp. 279–280
  15. ^ Kitchen (2011), p. 117
  16. ^ "Books by Annie Dillard". Annie Dillard – Official Website. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
  17. ^ Chevalier (1997), p. 224
  18. ^ Scheese (1996), p. 120
  19. ^ Mendelson (1995), p. 51
  20. ^ a b McIlroy (1994), p. 87
  21. ^ Papa (1997), p. 107
  22. ^ Welty, Eudora. (March 24, 1974.) "Meditation on Seeing". The New York Times. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
  23. ^ Hardack (2008), p. 83
  24. ^ Parrish (1998), p. 126
  25. ^ Slovic (1992), p. 66
  26. ^ Clark (1991), p. 168
  27. ^ Scheese (1996), p. 128
  28. ^ Dockins (2003), p. 638
  29. ^ Dockins (2003), p. 642
  30. ^ Scheese (1996), pp. 128–129
  31. ^ Marshall (1998), p. 89
  32. ^ a b Reimer (1983), p. 183
  33. ^ Chénetier (1990), p. 167
  34. ^ Radaker (1997), p. 124
  35. ^ Davidson (2001), p. 218
  36. ^ Slovic (1992), p. 62
  37. ^ Ireland (2010), p. 25
  38. ^ Parrish (1998), p. 155
  39. ^ Johnson (1992), p. 4–7
  40. ^ Parrish (1998), p. 124
  41. ^ Parrish (1998), p. 125
  42. ^ Reimer (1983), p. 182
  43. ^ Breslin (1974), p. 314
  44. ^ Saturday Evening Post (1974), p. 74
  45. ^ Maddocks (1974), p. 104
  46. ^ McClintock (1994), p. 88
  47. ^ Slovic (1992), p. 61
  48. ^ McIlroy (1987), p. 71
  49. ^ Fischer (1988), p. 362
  50. ^ "100 Best Nonfiction Books". Modern Library. Retrieved November 23, 2011.

References

  • Breslin, John B. (1974). "Pilgrim at Tinker Creek/Tickets for a Prayer Wheel". America, 130(15): 312–314.
  • Chénetier, Marc. (1990). "Tinkering, Extravagance: Thoreau, Melville, and Annie Dillard". Critique: Studies In Contemporary Fiction, 31(3): 157–172.
  • Chevalier, Tracy. (1997). Encyclopedia of the Essay. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1884964303.
  • Clark, Suzanne. (1991). "Annie Dillard: The Woman in Nature and the Subject of Nonfiction". Sentimental Modernism: Women Writers and the Revolution of the Word. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253313740.
  • Davidson, Jenny Emery (2001). "Stalking a Prayer: Crossings of the Hunter and the Shaman in Pilgrim at Tinker Creek." Such News of the Land: U.S. Women Nature Writers. Eds. Thomas S. Edwards and Elizabeth A. De Wolfe. Hanover: University Press of New England. ISBN 1584650974.
  • Dillard, Annie. (1989). The Writing Life. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0060161566.
  • Dillard, Annie. (1994). The Annie Dillard Reader. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0060171588.
  • Dillard, Annie. (1999). Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0060953020.
  • Dockins, Mike. (2003). "Stalking the Bumblebee: An Exploration of 'Cruelty' in Pilgrim at Tinker Creek." Massachusetts Review 44(4): pp. 636–648.
  • Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich (1988). The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-Winning Materials in Journalism, Letters, and Arts. National Reporting, 1941–1986, Volume 2. New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3598301707.
  • Hardack, Richard. (2008). "'A Woman Need Not Be Sincere': Annie Dillard's Fictional Autobiographies and the Gender Politics of American Transcendentalism". Arizona Quarterly: A Journal Of American Literature, Culture, and Theory, 64(3), 75–108.
  • Ireland, Julia A. (2010). "Annie Dillard's Ecstatic Phenomenology." Isle: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, 17(1): pp. 23–34.
  • Johnson, Sandra Humble. (1992). The Space Between: Literary Epiphany in the Work of Annie Dillard. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0873384466.
  • Kitchen, Judith. (2011). "Grounding the Lyric Essay". Fourth Genre: Explorations In Nonfiction, 13(2), 115–121.
  • Marshall, Ian. (1998). Story Line: Exploring the Literature of the Appalachian Trail. Charlottesville: University Press of Virgina. ISBN 0813917972.
  • Maddocks, Melvin. (1974). "Terror and Celebration". Time, 103(11): p. 104.
  • McClintock, James. I. (1994). Nature's Kindred Spirits: Aldo Leopold, Joseph Wood Krutch, Edward Abbey, Annie Dillard, and Gary Snyder. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299141738.
  • McIlroy, Gary. (1987). "Pilgrim at Tinker Creek and the Burden of Science." American Literature, 59(1): pp. 71–84.
  • McIlroy, Gary. (1994). "Pilgrim at Tinker Creek and the Social Legacy of Walden." Earthly Words: Essays on Contemporary American Nature and Environmental Writers. Ed. John R. Cooley. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472095374.
  • Mendelson, Donna. (1995). "Tinker Creek and the Waters of Walden: Thoreauvian Currents in Annie Dillard's Pilgrim." The Concord Saunterer, 3(1): pp. 50–62.
  • Parrish, Nancy C. (1998). Lee Smith, Annie Dillard, and the Hollins Group: A Genesis of Writers. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0807122432.
  • Papa, James A. (1997). "Paradox and Perception: Science and Narrative in Walden and Pilgrim at Tinker Creek." Weber Studies, 14(3): pp. 105–114.
  • Radaker, Kevin. (1997). "Caribou, Electrons, and the Angel: Stalking the Sacred in Annie Dillard's Pilgrim at Tinker Creek." Christianity & Literature, 46(2): pp. 123–143.
  • Reimer, Margaret Loewen. (1983). "The Dialectical Vision of Annie Dillard's Pilgrim at Tinker Creek." Critique, 24(3): pp. 182–191.
  • Saturday Evening Post. (1974). "Pilgrim at Tinker Creek", 246(8), p. 74.
  • Scheese, Don. (1996). Nature Writing: The Pastoral Impulse in America. New York: Twayne. ISBN 0805709649.
  • Slovic, Scott. (1992). Seeking Awareness in American Nature Writing: Henry Thoreau, Annie Dillard, Edward Abbey, Wendell Berry, Barry Lopez. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 0874803624.
  • Smith, Linda L. (1991). Annie Dillard. New York: Twayne. ISBN 0805776370.
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