Hadean
The Hadean (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˈheɪdiən/) is the unofficial geologic eon that lies before the Archean. It began with the formation of the Earth about 4.5 Ga (billion years ago) and ended roughly 3.8 Ga, though the latter date varies according to different sources. The name "Hadean" derives from Hades, Greek for "Underworld", referring to the "hellish" conditions on Earth at the time. The geologist Preston Cloud coined the term in 1972, originally to label the period before the earliest-known rocks on Earth. W. Brian Harland later coined an almost synonymous term: the "Priscoan period". Other, older texts simply refer to the eon as the Pre-Archean.
Subdivisions
Since few geological traces of this period remain on Earth there is no official subdivision. However, the Lunar geologic timescale embraces several major divisions relating to the Hadean and so these are sometimes used in a somewhat informal sense to refer to the same periods of time on Earth.
The Lunar divisions are:
- Pre-Nectarian, from the formation of the Moon's crust up to about 3.92 Ga
- Nectarian ranging up to about 3.85 Ga, in a time when the Late Heavy Bombardment, according to that theory, was in a stage of decline.
Hadean rocks
In the last decades of the 20th century geologists identified a few Hadean rocks from Western Greenland, Northwestern Canada, and Western Australia. Rock formations in Greenland comprise sediments dated around 3.8 Ga and are somewhat altered by a volcanic dike that penetrated the rocks after they were deposited. Individual zircon crystals redeposited in sediments in Western Canada and the Jack Hills region of Western Australia are much older. The oldest dated zircons date from about 4.0 Ga [1]—very close to the hypothesized time of the Earth's formation.
The Greenland sediments include banded iron beds. They contain possibly organic carbon and imply some possibility that photosynthetic life had already emerged at that time. The oldest known fossils (from Australia) date from a few hundred million years later.
Atmosphere and oceans
A sizeable quantity of water would have been in the material which formed the Earth.[2] Water molecules would have escaped Earth's gravity more easily when it was less massive during its formation. Hydrogen and helium are expected to continually leak from the atmosphere[clarification needed].
Part of the ancient planet is theorized to have been disrupted by the impact which created the Moon, which should have caused melting of one or two large areas. Present composition does not match complete melting and it is hard to completely melt and mix huge rock masses.[3] However, a fair fraction of material should have been vaporized by this impact, creating a rock vapor atmosphere around the young planet. The rock vapor would have condensed within two thousand years, leaving behind hot volatiles which probably resulted in a heavy CO
2 atmosphere with hydrogen and water vapor. Liquid water oceans existed despite the surface temperature of 230 °C (446 °F) because of the atmospheric pressure of the heavy CO
2 atmosphere. As cooling continued, subduction and dissolving in ocean water removed most CO
2 from the atmosphere but levels oscillated wildly as new surface and mantle cycles appeared.[4]
Study of zircons has found that liquid water must have existed as long ago as 4.4 Ga, very soon after the formation of the Earth.[5][6][7] This requires the presence of an atmosphere. The Cool Early Earth theory covers a range from about 4.4 Ga to 4.0 Ga.
A September 2008 study of zircons found that Australian Hadean rock holds minerals that point to the existence of plate tectonics as early as 4.0 Ga.[8][9] If this holds true, we can roughly date the time when Earth finished its transition from having a hot, molten surface and atmosphere full of carbon dioxide, to being very much like it is today: about 4.0 billion years ago. The action of plate tectonics and the oceans traps vast amounts of carbon dioxide, thereby eliminating the greenhouse effect and leading to a much cooler surface temperature and the formation of solid rock, and possibly even life.[8][9]
Life
It is unlikely that life could have formed and established itself in the extreme, volatile conditions of the Hadean. If life had begun to form at this time, it most likely would have been destroyed several times, being forced to start over again. It is probable, however, that the building blocks necessary for life as humans know it were formed at some point during this time. Life would be granted a true start in the succeeding Archean Eon, after conditions on Earth began to stabilize.
See also
Template:Jake orr likes naked men in bed
- Oldest rock
- Timetable of the Precambrian
- History of Earth: The first sections describe the formation of the Earth.
- Formation and evolution of the Solar System
References
- ^ Wilde et al. (2001).
- ^ Drake, Michael J. (2005), "Origin of water in the terrestrial planets" (PDF), Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 40 (4): 515–656.
- ^ Solar System Exploration: Science & Technology: Science Features: View Feature
- ^ Sleep, N. H.; Zahnle, K.; Neuhoff, P. S. (2001), "Initiation of clement surface conditions on the earliest Earth", PNAS, 98 (7): 3666–3672, doi:10.1073/pnas.071045698, PMC 31109, PMID 11259665.
- ^ ANU - Research School of Earth Sciences - ANU College of Science - Harrison
- ^ ANU - OVC - MEDIA - MEDIA RELEASES - 2005 - NOVEMBER - 181105HARRISONCONTINENTS
- ^ A Cool Early Earth
- ^ a b Chang, Kenneth (December 2, 2008). "A New Picture of the Early Earth". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Thermal State of the Lithosphere During Late Heavy Bombardment: Implications for Early Life, by Abramov, O. and Mojzsis, S. J.
Further reading
- Hopkins, Michelle; Harrison, T. Mark; Manning, Craig E. (2008), "Low heat flow inferred from >4 Gyr zircons suggests Hadean plate boundary interactions", Nature, 456 (7221): 493–496, doi:10.1038/nature07465, PMID 19037314.
- Valley, John W.; Peck, William H.; King, Elizabeth M. (1999), "Zircons Are Forever", The Outcrop for 1999, University of Wisconsin-Madison, retrieved January 10, 2006 – Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago.
- Wilde, S. A.; Valley, J. W.; Peck, W. H.; Graham, C. M. (2001), "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago", Nature, 409 (6817): 175–178, doi:10.1038/35051550, PMID 11196637
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help). - Wyche, S.; Nelson, D. R.; Riganti, A. (2004), "4350–3130 Ma detrital zircons in the Southern Cross Granite–Greenstone Terrane, Western Australia: implications for the early evolution of the Yilgarn Craton", Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 51 (1): 31–45, doi:10.1046/j.1400-0952.2003.01042.x
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