Echidna
| Echidnas[1] Temporal range:
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| Western long-beaked echidna | |
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| Family: | Tachyglossidae Gill, 1872
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Genus Tachyglossus | |
Echidnas (/[invalid input: 'icon'][invalid input: 'ɨ']ˈkɪdnə/), also known as spiny anteaters,[2] belong to the family Tachyglossidae in the monotreme order of egg-laying mammals. There are four extant species, which, together with the platypus, are the only surviving members of that order and are the only extant mammals that lay eggs.[3] Although their diet consists largely of ants and termites, they are no more closely related to the true anteaters of the Americas than to any other placental mammal. They live in Australia and New Guinea. The echidnas are named after a monster in ancient Greek mythology.
Description
Echidnas are small, solitary mammals[4] covered with coarse hair and spines. Superficially, they resemble the anteaters of South America and other spiny mammals such as hedgehogs and porcupines. They have snouts which have the functions of both mouth and nose. Their snouts are elongated and slender. Like the platypus, they are equipped with electrosensors, but while the platypus has 40,000 electroreceptors on its bill, the long-billed echidna has only 2,000, and the short-billed echidna, which lives in a drier environment, has no more than 400 located at the tip of its snout.[5] They have very short, strong limbs with large claws, and are powerful diggers. Echidnas have a tiny mouth and a toothless jaw. The echidna feeds by tearing open soft logs, anthills and the like, and using its long, sticky tongue, which protrudes from its snout, to collect prey. The short-beaked echidna's diet consists largely of ants and termites, while the Zaglossus species typically eats worms and insect larvae.[6]
Long-beaked echidnas have sharp, tiny spines on their tongues that help capture their prey.[6]
Echidnas and the platypus are the only egg-laying mammals, known as monotremes. The female lays a single soft-shelled, leathery egg 22 days after mating, and deposits it directly into her pouch. Hatching takes place after ten days; the young echidna, called a puggle, then sucks milk from the pores of the two milk patches (monotremes have no nipples) and remains in the pouch for 45 to 55 days,[7] at which time it starts to develop spines. The mother digs a nursery burrow and deposits the puggle, returning every five days to suckle it until it is weaned at seven months. The average wild echidna can grow as old as 16 years.[citation needed]
Male echidnas have a four-headed penis. During mating, the heads on one side "shut down" and do not grow in size; the other two are used to release semen into the female's two-branched reproductive tract. The heads used are swapped each time the mammal copulates.[8]
Contrary to previous research, the echidna does enter REM sleep, but only when the ambient temperature is around 25°C (77°F). At temperatures of 15°C (59°F) and 28°C (~82°F), REM sleep is suppressed.[9]
Evolution
Molecular clock and fossil dating suggest echidnas split from platypuses 19–48 million years ago. Echidnas evolved from water-foraging ancestors which returned to living completely on the land, even though this put them in competition with marsupials.[10] Because of this, it has been suggested that "oviparous reproduction in monotremes confers advantages over marsupials, a view consistent with present ecological partitioning between monotremes and marsupials."[10]
Taxonomy
Echidnas are classified into three genera. The genus Zaglossus includes three extant species and two species known only from fossils, while only one extant species from the genus Tachyglossus is known. The third genus, Megalibgwilia, is known only from fossils.
Zaglossus
The three living Zaglossus species are endemic to New Guinea. They are rare and are hunted for food. They forage in leaf litter on the forest floor, eating earthworms and insects. The species are:
- Western long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bruijni), of the highland forests
- Sir David's long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus attenboroughi), described in 1961 and preferring a still higher habitat
- Eastern long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bartoni), of which four distinct subspecies have been identified
The two fossil species are:
Tachyglossus
The short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) is found in southeast New Guinea, and also occurs in almost all Australian environments, from the snow-clad Australian Alps to the deep deserts of the Outback, essentially anywhere ants and termites are available. It is smaller than the Zaglossus species, and it has longer hair.
Megalibgwilia
The genus Megalibgwilia is known only from fossils:
- Megalibgwilia ramsayi from Late Pleistocene sites in Australia
- Megalibgwilia robusta from Miocene sites in Australia
Echidna in popular culture
Knuckles the Echidna is a red echidna featured in the video game series Sonic the Hedgehog. Knuckles made his debut in Sonic the Hedgehog 3 for the Sega Mega Drive and Sega Genesis.
References
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Retrieved on 21 October 2007
- ^ Stewart, Doug (April/May 2003). "The Enigma of the Echidna". National Wildlife.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Augee, Michael (2006). Echidna : extraordinary egg-laying mammal (PDF) ([Second ed.] ed.). Collingwood: CSIRO. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-643-09204-4.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Electroreception in fish, amphibians and monotremes". Map of Life. 7 July 2010.
- ^ a b "Zaglossus bruijni". Animal Info. Endangered animals of the world.
- ^ "Short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus)". Mammals. ARKive Images of Life on Earth.
- ^ Shultz, N. (26 October 2007). "Exhibitionist spiny anteater reveals bizarre penis". New Scientist website. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
{{cite web}}: External link in|work= - ^ Nicol SC, Andersen NA, Phillips NH, Berger RJ (2000). "The echidna manifests typical characteristics of rapid eye movement sleep". Neurosci. Lett. 283 (1): 49–52. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(00)00922-8. PMID 10729631.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Phillips MJ, Bennett TH, Lee MS (2009). "Molecules, morphology, and ecology indicate a recent, amphibious ancestry for echidnas". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (40): 17089–94. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904649106. PMC 2761324. PMID 19805098.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Flannery, T.F.; Groves, C.P. (1998). "A revision of the genus Zaglossus (Monotremata, Tachyglossidae), with description of new species and subspecies". Mammalia. 62 (3): 367–396. doi:10.1515/mamm.1998.62.3.367.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Parker, J. (June 2000). "Echidna Love Trains". Scribbly Gum. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
External links
- Stewart, Doug (April/May 2003). "The Enigma of the Echidna". National Wildlife.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - Parker, J. (June 2000). ""Echidna Love Trains": Echidna spotting, Trains (breeding behaviour), The amazing puggle (young), Species, Dreaming (REM sleep)". Scribbly Gum. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.