Cellulite
- This article is about the dimpled appearance of skin. For the infection of skin and its underlying connective tissue, see cellulitis. Not to be confused with Celluloid.
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Cellulite (also known as adiposis edematosa, dermopanniculosis deformans, status protrusus cutis, gynoid lipodystrophy, orange peel syndrome and cottage cheese skin) is the herniation of subcutaneous fat within fibrous connective tissue that manifests topographically as skin dimpling and nodularity, often on the pelvic region, lower limbs, and abdomen.[1][2] Cellulite occurs in most postpubertal females and rarely in males.[3]
History
The term was first used in the 1920s, and began appearing in English language publications in the late 1960s, with the earliest reference in Vogue magazine, "Like a swift migrating fish, the word cellulite has suddenly crossed the Atlantic."[4] Its existence as a real disorder has been questioned,[5] and the prevailing medical opinion is that it is merely the "normal condition of many women".[6] One cosmetic company has noted its historical place in industrialised societies as an "inappropriate term used by women to describe curves which they judge to be too plump and not very aesthetic".[7] "...........
Epidemiology
Cellulite is thought to occur in 80-90% of postpubertal females.[8][9] There appears to be a hormonal component to its presentation. It is rarely seen in males,[1] but is more common in males with androgen-deficient states, such as Klinefelter's syndrome, hypogonadism, postcastration states and in those patients receiving estrogen therapy for prostate cancer. The cellulite becomes more severe as the androgen deficiency worsens in these males.[citation needed]
Causes
The causes of cellulite [10] include changes in metabolism, physiology, dieting too hard or too much, sex-specific dimorphic skin architecture, alteration of connective tissue structure, hormonal factors, genetic factors, the microcirculatory system, the extracellular matrix, and subtle inflammatory alterations.[3][1][10][11]
- Hormonal factors
Hormones play a dominant role in the formation of cellulite. Estrogen may be the important hormone to initiate and aggravate cellulite. However, there has been no reliable clinical evidence to support such a claim. Other hormones, including insulin, the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline, thyroid hormones, and prolactin, are all believed to participate in the development of cellulite.[1]
- Genetic factors
There is a genetic element in individual susceptibility to cellulite.[1] Researchers led by Enzo Emanuele have traced the genetic component of cellulite to particular polymorphisms in the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1A (HIF1a) genes.[8]
- Predisposing factors
Several factors have been shown to affect the development of cellulite. Sex, race, biotype,[12] distribution of subcutaneous fat, and predisposition to lymphatic and circulatory insufficiency have all been shown to contribute to cellulite.[1]
- Lifestyle
A high-stress lifestyle will cause an increase in the level of catecholamines, which have also been associated with the evolution of cellulite.[1] Certain dieting practices can also diminish the level of these chemicals, and decreasing body fat typically results in the reduction in appearance of cellulite.
Treatment
Numerous therapies for the treatment of cellulite are available, but empirical evidence for the efficacy of these strategies is limited[3]. In an interview with the New York Times, Molly Wanner, an instructor in dermatology at Harvard Medical School and an author of a 2008 evidence-based review of existing treatments, asserted: "At this point, there is no outstanding treatment for cellulite."[13] Michael F. McGuire, a clinical associate professor at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, confirmed that "realistically, there is no cure for cellulite."[13]
References
- Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g Rossi AB, Vergnanini AL (2000). "Cellulite: a review". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 14 (4): 251–62. doi:10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.x. PMID 11204512.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ PINNA, K. (2007). Nutrition and diet therapy. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. p.178
- ^ a b c Avram MM (2004). "Cellulite: a review of its physiology and treatment". J Cosmet Laser Ther. 6 (4): 181–5. doi:10.1080/14764170410003057. PMID 16020201.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Vogue 15 Apr 1968 110/1
- ^ Nürnberger F, Müller G (1978). "So-called cellulite: an invented disease". J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 4 (3): 221–9. PMID 632386.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Cellulite
- ^ Franchi J, Pellicier F, André P, Schnebert S (2003). "[The adipocyte in the history of slimming agents]". Pathol. Biol. (in French). 51 (5): 244–7. PMID 14567186.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Emanuele E, Bertona M, Geroldi D (2010). "A multilocus candidate approach identifies ACE and HIF1A as susceptibility genes for cellulite". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 24 (8): 930–5. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03556.x. PMID 20059631.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Wanner M, Avram M (2008). "An evidence-based assessment of treatments for cellulite". J Drugs Dermatol. 7 (4): 341–5. PMID 18459514.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ a b Pavicic T, Borelli C, Korting HC (2006). "[Cellulite--the greatest skin problem in healthy people? An approach]". J Dtsch Dermatol Ges (in German). 4 (10): 861–70. doi:10.1111/j.1610-0387.2006.06041.x. PMID 17010177.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Terranova F, Berardesca E, Maibach H (2006). "Cellulite: nature and aetiopathogenesis". Int J Cosmet Sci. 28 (3): 157–67. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00316.x. PMID 18489272.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ A population within a species that has distinct genetic variation.
- ^ a b New York Times, Treating Cellulite?
External links
Media related to Cellulite at Wikimedia Commons
