Lyssavirus
| Lyssavirus | |
|---|---|
| Virus classification | |
| Group: | Group V ((−)ssRNA)
|
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | Lyssavirus
|
| Type species | |
| Rabies virus | |
| Species | |
|
Aravan virus | |
Lyssavirus (from Lyssa, the Greek goddess of madness, rage, and frenzy) is a genus of viruses belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae, in the order Mononegavirales. This group of RNA viruses includes the rabies virus traditionally associated with the disease.
Virology
Structure
Viruses typically have either helical or cubic symmetry. Lyssaviruses have helical symmetry, so their infectious particles are approximately cylindrical in shape. This is typical of plant-infecting viruses. Human-infecting viruses more commonly have cubic symmetry and take shapes approximating regular polyhedra.
The structure consists of a spiked outer envelope, a middle region consisting of protein M, and an inner ribonucleocapsid complex region, consisting of the genome associated with other proteins.
Genome
Lyssavirus genome consists of a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes five viral proteins: polymerase L, matrix protein M, phosphoprotein P, nucleoprotein N, and glycoprotein G.
Based on recent phylogenetic evidence, lyssaviruses are categorized into seven major genotypes. In addition, four genotypes recently have been discovered: West Caucasian bat virus, Aravan virus, Khujand virus, and Irkut virus.[1] The major genotypes include rabies virus (genotype 1), Lagos bat virus (2), Mokola virus (3), Duvenhage virus (4), European Bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2 (5 and 6), and Australian bat lyssavirus (7).[2]
Based on biological properties of the viruses, these genotypes are further subdivided into phylogroups 1 and 2. Phylogroup 1 includes genotypes 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7, while phylogroup 2 includes genotypes 2 and 3. The nucleocapsid region of lyssavirus is fairly highly conserved from genotype to genotype across both phylogroups; however, experimental data have shown the lyssavirus strains used in vaccinations are only from the first genotype of the first phylogroup (i.e. classic rabies).[3]
Epidemiology
Genotype 1, classic rabies, is prevalent throughout most of the world (it is absent from some islands, including Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and Japan) and can be carried by any mammal. The other genotypes (types 2 through 7) have much less diversity in carriers. Only select hosts can carry each of the genotypes. Also, these other genotypes are particular only to a specific geographic area. Bats are known to be an animal vector for all but one of the seven genotypes, the one exception being Mokola virus.
Footnotes
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Bibliography
- Baynard, Ashley C. et al. (2011). "Bats and Lyssaviruses." In: Advances in VIRUS RESEARCH VOLUME 79. Research Advances in Rabies. Edited by Alan C. Jackson. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-387040-7.
- Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 14720408, please use {{cite journal}} with
|pmid=14720408instead. - Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 12643828, please use {{cite journal}} with
|pmid=12643828instead. - World Health Organization (2005). WHO Expert Consulation on Rabies (PDF). WHO technical report series. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 92-4-120931-3. ISSN 0512-3054.