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Kastrati (tribe)

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Kastrati is a northern Albanian clan and region in Albania.[1]

Origin

The Kastrati clan was recorded for the first time in 1416.[2] The clan's centre was once at the ruins of a Roman castra on the Scutari-Orosh road.[3] According to a local legend they are descendants of a certain Krsto, while Alexius[4] Kastrati, a lord of three villages, had in 1403 received a gift from the governor of Scutari.[5][6] The Kastrati, together with Hoti, Kelmend and Skrijelj are considered highlander clans in the region of Malësia.[7] According to tradition, people of all clans of Malësia, except part of Gruda, came from the hills of Montenegro or Bosnia, thus they are related to Montenegrin clans (as for instance the Kastrati with Kuči).[8][9] In a work of Jovan Cvijić it was recorded that in one of the villages (Kamenicë) of the Kastrati region the majority of the population were Orthodox Serbs.[10] Cvijić also recorded that Kastrati themselves have a story about their mixed Serbian-Albanian origin.[10] The region had 300 Catholic and 200 Muslim households as reported in contemporary Ottoman statistical data.[11] According to the founding legend of the clan 300 houses descend from certain Delti or Dedli from Drekalovići of Kuči, while 200 houses descend from Slavs who were living on the territory before arrival of Delti.[12][13]

Families

Johann Georg von Hahn registered 408 families with 3,157 people living in two groups of families: highland and lowland. Highlander families were Martinai, Gjokai, Theresi, Bradosoi, Budischia, Kurtai, Gorai and Pietrowich while lowlander families were Puta, Copani, Hikuzzai, Skandschi, Moxetti, Dobrowoda and Aliai. All of them Catholics except Aliai who were Muslims.[14]

Religion and economy

The religion of Kastrati is Roman Catholicism.[15][16] The feast Kastrati celebrate is St. Mark.[17] They have traditionally dealt with livestock and agriculture.[18]

Relations with Montenegro

In 1831, during the Ottoman attack against Montenegro, Kastrati and other clans of Northern Albania expressed their support to Montenegro and refused to participate in the attack on Ottoman side.[19] In 1832 they joined Montenegrin forces and defeated Ottoman forces on Hoti mountain.[20] According to the Treaty of San Stefano the region of Kastrati (together with Hoti, Kelmendi and Grudë) was to be annexed to the Montenegro, but after the Treaty of Berlin was signed in 1878 this decision was changed and Kastrati remained in the Ottoman Empire.[21] However, as other Albanian-inhabited areas were formally annexed to Montenegro the delimitation process wasn't concluded. In 1883 Kastrati, Hoti, Gruda and Shkreli formed another pact to prevent the delimitation of the expanded Montenegrin borders.[22]

During the Albanian Revolt of 1911 Kastrati sent five delegates to Gerče (a village in Montenegro) as signatories of the Gerçë memorandum that demanded among others the recognition of Albanians as a separate nation in the Ottoman empire and the use of Albanian in state and private schools.[11] Kastrati was a battleground area during the Balkan Wars. Serb historians maintain that during the Siege of Scutari in 1912/1913 Catholics from Kastrati, Hoti and Grude, joined the forces of Kingdom of Montenegro and robbed and burned houses of Muslim members of their clans who retreated to Ottoman-controlled Scutari fortress.[23][24]

On May 26, 1913 a delegation from the chief families of Hoti, Gruda, Klemendi, Shkreli and Kastrati met Admiral Cecil Burney of the international fleet and petitioned against the annexation of Hoti and Gruda by Montenegro. The delegation warned that hostilities would resumed if those areas didn't remain "entirely Albanian".[25] Eventually, due to the influence of Austria, region of Kastrati was incorporated into the newly formed Kingdom of Albania, although it was agreed with some of the Great Powers that it should be annexed to the Montenegro.[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ Elsie, Robert (2010) [2004], Historical Dictionary Of Albania (PDF) (2 ed.), Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, p. 226, ISBN 9781282521926, OCLC 816372706, KASTRATI. Northern Albanian clan and traditional clannish region. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |coauthors=, |editorn-link=, |nopp=, |separator=, |laysummary=, |editorn-first=, |doi_inactivedate=, |chapterurl=, |editorn=, |month=, |author-separator=, |lastauthoramp=, and |editorn-last= (help)
  2. ^ Elsie, Robert (2010) [2004], Historical Dictionary Of Albania (PDF) (2 ed.), Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, p. 226, ISBN 9781282521926, OCLC 816372706 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |coauthors=, |editorn-link=, |nopp=, |separator=, |laysummary=, |editorn-first=, |doi_inactivedate=, |chapterurl=, |editorn=, |month=, |author-separator=, |lastauthoramp=, and |editorn-last= (help)
  3. ^ Milan Šufflay (2000). Izabrani politički spisi. Matica hrvatska. p. 136. Retrieved 9 May 2013. Kastrati, kojima je embrio sjedio kod ruševina rimskog "Kastra" (tabora, Iminacium?) viđenih još g. 1559. na cesti Skadar - Oroši
  4. ^ Mary Edith Durham (1928). Some clannish origins, laws and customs of the Balkans. George Allen & Unwin. p. 22. Retrieved 14 May 2013. The Kastrati were evidently a powerful clan, for in 1403 we find Alexius Kastrati headman in a list of Albanian chiefs who are rewarded by the Venetians with gifts of cloth.
  5. ^ Marko Miljanov; Milorad Stojović (1963). Sjaj legende. Grafički zavod. p. 261. Retrieved 9 May 2013. Кастрати су од Крста
  6. ^ Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti (1983). Glas. p. 109. Retrieved 9 May 2013. Почетком XV века сусрећу се и клице данашњег племена Кастрати, чији је праотац био неки Крсто. Алекса Кастрати добио је 1403...
  7. ^ Istorijski glasnik. Naučna knjiga. 1960. p. 189. Retrieved 9 May 2013. У "брђане" у Малесији спадају....
  8. ^ Savez folklorista Jugoslavije. Kongres (1967). Rad ... Kongresa Saveza folklorista Jugoslavije. Savez folklorista Jugoslavie. p. 475. Retrieved 9 May 2013. кастрати
  9. ^ Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Bosni i Hercegovini. Zemaljska štamparija. 1911. p. 374. Retrieved 9 May 2013. Шлемена Хоти, Никај, Шкрели, Клементи, Кастрати и један дио племена Груда потјечу из краја, гдје се данас говори словјенски. Дурхам, слично као и Хан...
  10. ^ a b Jovan Cvijić (1987). Sabrana dela: pt. 1. Govori i c̆lanci. Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti. p. 130. Retrieved 9 May 2013. У најновије време сам сазнао од мог ученика Ј. Мајића да у арбанашком племену Кастрати, у селу Каменици, превлаћују православни Срби. Cite error: The named reference "Cvijić1987" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  11. ^ a b Gawrych, George (2006-12-26). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913. I.B.Tauris. pp. 31, 186–7. ISBN 9781845112875. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  12. ^ M. Edith Durham (30 June 2009). High Albania. ECHO LIB. p. 466. ISBN 978-1-4068-2855-9. Retrieved 13 May 2013. Kastrati. — Consisting also of about 500 houses, lies between the Licheni Hotit and the Skreli clan. 300 houses trace descent from one Delti or Dedli, who came with his seven sons from the hariak of Drekalovich of the Kuchi. This in turn traces origin from Berisha (see below). The other 200 houses trace from people already on the spot when Delti arrived. They are said to have been Slavs. All are now Albanophone and the majority Catholic, the rest Moslems.
  13. ^ Carl Coleman Seltzer; Carleton Stevens Coon; Joseph Franklin Ewing (1950). The mountains of giants: a racial and cultural study of the north Albanian mountain Ghegs. The Museum. p. 45. Retrieved 14 May 2013. Two hundred out of the 500 houses of Kastrati are pre-invasion, and are said to be of Slavic origin.
  14. ^ Johann Georg Hahn (1854). Heft. Geographisch-ethnographische Uebersicht. Reiseskizzen. Sittenschilderungen. Sind die Albanesen Autochthonen? Das albanische Alphabet. Historisches. Verlag von Friedrich Mauke. p. 192. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  15. ^ Milorad Ekmečić (1989). Stvaranje Jugoslavije 1790-1918. Prosveta. p. 121. Retrieved 9 May 2013. ...кастрати били су католици..
  16. ^ Istorijski glasnik. Naučna knjiga. 1960. p. 189. Retrieved 9 May 2013. Кастрати су одреда католичке вере
  17. ^ Modern Greek Studies Yearbook. University of Minnesota. 1992. p. 26. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
  18. ^ Glasnik Jugoslovenskog Profesorskog Drustva. 1924. p. 37. Retrieved 9 May 2013. Кастрати су земљорадници и сточари
  19. ^ Vladimir Stojančević (1990). Srbija i oslobodilački pokret na Balkanskom poluostrvu u XIX veku. Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva. p. 103. Retrieved 9 May 2013. Овога пута, северноалбанска племена Клементи, Хоти, Груди и Кастрати солидарисали су
  20. ^ Sadulla Brestovci (1983). Marrëdhëniet shqiptare--serbo-malazeze (1830-1878). Instituti Albanologjik i Prishtinës. p. 260. Retrieved 9 May 2013. A sledece godine albanska plemena (Hoti, Kastrati, Grude, Kelmendi) pomogle su crnogorskim plemenima da poraze turksu vojsku na Hotskoj Gori.
  21. ^ Љубодраг Димић; Đorđe Borozan (1999). Југословенска држава и Албанци. Службени лист СРЈ. p. 123. ISBN 978-86-355-0440-7. Retrieved 9 May 2013. ...тако да су племена Кастрати, Климеити, Хоти, Груде била припо]ена Црно] Гори. Али, на Берлинском конгресу
  22. ^ Miller, William (2012-10-12). The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors 1801-1927. Routledge. p. 356. ISBN 9781136260469. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  23. ^ Dragoslav Srejović; Slavko Gavrilović; Sima M. Ćirković (1983). Istorija srpskog naroda: knj. Od Berlinskog kongresa do Ujedinjenja 1878-1918 (2 v.). Srpska književna zadruga. p. 248. Retrieved 9 May 2013. Пут до пред сам Скадар био је слободан. Црногорској војсци придружила су се албанска католичка племена Груди, Хоти и Кастрати, преко чијег је земљишта пролазила војска, и тако је њена позадина Оила обезбеђена.
  24. ^ Nikola P. Škerović (1964). Crna Gora na osvitku xx [i.e. dvadesetog] vijeka. Naučno delo. p. 581. Retrieved 12 May 2013. Албанска католичка племена Груди, Хоти, Кастрати, преко чијег земљишта су прелазиле црногорске трупе у правцу Скадра, пристала су уз црногорске трупе и испред њих, све до српског насеља Враке, испред самог Скадра, попалила и опљачкала куће оних својих муслиманских саплеменика који су напустили своје домове и одлучили да се ставе под заштиту турских трупа у Скадру.
  25. ^ Vickers, Miranda (1999). The Albanians: A Modern History. I.B.Tauris. p. 73. ISBN 9781860645419. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  26. ^ Lambert Ehrlich; Marija Vrečar (2002). Pariška mirovna konferencia in Slovenci 1919/20. Inštitut za zgodovino Cerkve pri Teološki fakulteti Univerze v Ljubljani. p. 201. Retrieved 9 May 2013. Vsled vpliva Avstrije se albanski plemeni Klementi in Kastrati nista priključili Črni gori, in tudi ob Bojani seji je odreklo na...

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