The Marais

Right view of the rue des Francs-Bourgeois in direction of the Place des Vosges

Le Marais ("The Marsh", French pronunciation: [maʁɛ]) is a historic district in Paris, France. Long the aristocratic district of Paris, it hosts many outstanding buildings of historic and architectural importance. It spreads across parts of the 3rd and 4th arrondissements in Paris (on the Rive Droite, or Right Bank, of the Seine).

History

Paris aristocratic district

In 1240 the Order of the Temple built its fortified church just outside Paris's walls, in the northern part of the Marais. The Temple turned the district into an attractive area, and many religious institutions were built nearby: the des Blancs-Manteaux, de Sainte-Croix-de-la-Bretonnerie and des Carmes-Billettes convents, as well as the church of Sainte-Catherine-du-Val-des-Écoliers.

During the mid-13th century, Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily, and brother of King Louis IX of France built his residence near the current n°7 rue de Sévigné.^[1] In 1361 the King Charles V built a mansion known as the Hôtel Saint-Pol in which the Royal Court settled during his reign as well as his son's.

From that time to the 17th century and especially after the Royal Square (Place Royale, current place des Vosges) was designed under King Henri IV in 1605, the Marais was the French nobility's favorite place of residence. French nobles built their urban mansions there^[2] such as the Hôtel de Sens, the Hôtel de Sully, the Hôtel de Beauvais, the Hôtel Carnavalet, the Hôtel de Guénégaud, and the Hôtel de Soubise.

Jewish community

After the nobility started to move to the Faubourg Saint-Germain, the district became a popular and active commercial area, hosting one of Paris' main Jewish communities. At the end of the 19th century and during the first half of the 20th, the district around the rue des Rosiers, referred to as the "Pletzl", welcomed many Eastern European Jews (Ashkenazi) who reinforced the district clothing specialization. But, during World War II the Jewish community was targeted by the Nazis who were occupying France.

The rue des Rosiers is still a major centre of the Paris Jewish community, which has made a renewal since the 1990s. Public notices announce Jewish events, bookshops specialize in Jewish books, and numerous restaurants and other outlets sell kosher food.

The synagogue on 10 rue Pavée is not far from rue des Rosiers. It was designed in 1913 by Art Nouveau architect Hector Guimard, who designed several Paris Metro stations.

Post-war rehabilitation

By the 1950s, the district had become a working-class area and most of its architectural masterpieces were in bad state of repair. In 1964, General de Gaulle's Culture Minister Andre Malraux made the Marais the first secteur sauvegardé (literally safeguarded sector). These were meant to protect and conserve places of special cultural significance. The following decades, the government and the Parisian municipality have led an active restoration and Rehabilitation Policy.

The main Hôtels particuliers have been restored and turned into museums: the Hôtel Salé hosts the Picasso Museum, the Hôtel Carnavalet hosts the Paris Historical Museum, the Hôtel Donon hosts the Cognac-Jay Museum etc. The site of Beaubourg, the western part of Marais, was chosen for the Centre Georges Pompidou, France's national Museum of Modern Art and one of the world's most important cultural institutions. The building was completed in 1977 with revolutionary architecture by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers.

Today's Marais

The Marais is now one of Paris' main localities for art galleries. Following its rehabilitation, the Marais has become a fashionable district, home to many trendy restaurants, fashion houses, and hype galleries.

The neighbourhood has experienced a growing gay presence since the 1980s, as evidenced by the existence of many gay cafés, nightclubs, cabarets and shops. These establishments are mainly concentrated in the southwestern portion of the Marais, many on or near the streets Sainte-Croix de la Bretonnerie and rue des Archives.

The Marais is also known for the strong Chinese community it hosts. The community began during World War I. At that time, France needed workers to replace its at-war soldiers and China decided to send a few thousand of its citizens on the condition that they would not take part of the war. After the 1918's victory, some of them decided to stay in Paris, specifically living around the current rue au Maire. Today, most work in jewelery and leather-related products. The Marais' Chinese community has settled in the north of the district, particularly in the surrounding of Place de la République. Right next to it, on the rue du Temple, is the Chinese Church of Paris.

Other features of the neighbourhood include the Musée Picasso, the house of Nicolas Flamel, the Musée Cognacq-Jay, the Musée Carnavalet and the new and very popular Café Charlot.

Notable residents

Places and monuments of note

Church Saint-Merri
Church Notre-Dame-des-Blancs-Manteaux
Church of Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis
Church of St-Gervais-et-St-Protais
Church of Saint-Nicolas-des-Champs
Hôtel de Sully
Hôtel d'Aumont
Hôtel de Beauvais
Hôtel de Sens
Hôtel d'Angoulême Lamoignon (housing the Bibliothèque Historique de la Ville de Paris)
Place des Vosges, including the home of Victor Hugo and Café Ma Bourgogne
Musée Cognacq-Jay
Musée Picasso
Musée des Arts et Métiers
Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme (housed in the Hôtel de Saint-Aignan)
National Archives, including the Hôtel de Soubise and Hôtel de Rohan
Carnavalet Museum
Pletzl, the Jewish quarter

Jo Goldenberg's Jewish delicatessen on the rue des Rosiers (now defunct)
Chez Marianne, a Jewish restaurant in Le Marais
Restaurant Pitchi Poï in the predominately Jewish Pletzl quarter
Murciano Jewish bakery in the rue des Rosiers
Hôtel de Sens
Hôtel Soubise
Maison de Jean Herouet
Entrance of l'Hôtel d'Almeras
Interior of Saint-Gervais-et-Saint-Protais Church
Saint-Paul Saint-Louis Church
Hôtel Salé (Picasso Museum)
Place des Vosges
Medieval cellar of the Hôtel de Beauvais
Medieval houses in rue Miron
Reading room in the Bibliothèque Historique de la Ville de Paris (City of Paris History Library)
View of rue Aubriot