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Grace Sherwood

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Grace White Sherwood
Bronze statue of Colonial American woman with a basket of rosemary and a raccoon
Statue of Grace Sherwood in Virginia Beach, Virginia, near the site of her trial
Born1660
most likely Princess Anne County, Virginia
Died1740 (aged 79–80)
Pungo, Virginia
MonumentsStatue of Grace Sherwood located at 36°51′58″N 76°07′55″W / 36.866139°N 76.131811°W / 36.866139; -76.131811
Other namesThe Witch of Pungo
OccupationFarmer
Criminal chargeWitchcraft
Criminal statusPosthumously pardoned

Grace White Sherwood (1660 – August 1740), known as the Witch of Pungo, was a farmer, healer, midwife, and the last person known to be convicted of witchcraft in Virginia. Sherwood's neighbors accused her of transforming herself into a cat, of damaging crops, and causing the death of livestock. She was tried several times for witchcraft; her final trial, in 1706, was on an accusation of bewitching Elizabeth Hill, causing her to miscarry. The court ordered that Sherwood's guilt or innocence be determined by ducking her in water. If she sank, she was innocent; if she did not, she was guilty. Sherwood floated to the surface, and may have spent as much as eight years in jail before being freed.

Sherwood lived in Pungo, Princess Anne County, Virginia (today part of Virginia Beach), and married James Sherwood, a planter, in 1680. The couple had three sons: John, James, and Richard. Her husband died in 1701; she inherited his property and never remarried.

Sherwood's first trial was in 1697; she was accused of casting a spell on a bull, resulting in its death but the case was dismissed by agreement of both parties. In following year, 1698, she was accused of bewitching the hogs and cotton crop belonging to one neighbor and of being a witch by another. Sherwood sued for slander after each accusation, but was not successful in her lawsuits, and her husband had to pay court costs. In 1706 she was convicted of witchcraft in a renewed prosecution, and was incarcerated. Freed from her imprisonment by 1714, she recovered her property from Princess Anne County, after which she lived on her farm until her death in 1740 at the age of about 80.

On July 10, 2006, the 300th anniversary of Sherwood's conviction, Governor Tim Kaine restored her good name, recognizing that her case was a miscarriage of justice. A statue depicting her has been erected near Sentara Bayside Hospital on Independence Boulevard in Virginia Beach, close to the site of the colonial courthouse where she was tried. She is sculpted alongside a raccoon, representing her love of animals, and carrying a basket containing garlic and rosemary, in recognition of her knowledge of herbal healing.

Family background

Sherwood was born in 1660[1] to John and Susan White. John White was a carpenter and farmer[2] of Scottish descent; it is uncertain whether he was born in America. Susan was English by birth;[3] their daughter Grace was born in Virginia, probably in Pungo.[4][5]

Grace White married a respected small-farm landowner, James Sherwood, in April 1680; they were wed in the Lynnhaven Parish Church.[1][5][6] The couple had three sons: John, James, and Richard.[7] John White gave the Sherwoods 50 acres (20 ha) of land when they married, and on his death in 1681, left them the remainder of his 145 acres (59 ha) farm.[7] The Sherwood family was poor, and lived in an area inhabited by small landowners or those with no land at all.[5][8][9] In addition to farming, Grace Sherwood grew her own herbs, which she used to heal both people and animals. She also acted as a midwife.[10] When James died in 1701, Grace inherited his property.[11][12] She did not remarry.[4]

No drawings or paintings of Sherwood exist, but contemporary accounts describe her as tall, very attractive, and humorous. She was considered unconventional, in part because she grew medicinal herbs, and because she wore trousers while working on her farm. This combination of clothing and good looks was said to attract men and upset their wives.[2][13] Sherwood biographer and advocate Belinda Nash suggests that Sherwood's neighbors were probably jealous of Sherwood, and invented witchcraft tales to possibly remove her and gain her property.[1][13] Sherwood went to court a dozen times in her life, either to fight charges of witchcraft or to sue her accusers for slander.[13]

Witchcraft and Virginia

Further information: Witch trials in the early modern period
One of the many creeks and marshes in Pungo, VA.[a]

The existence of demonic forces and witches was taken for granted by the American colonists—witchcraft was considered the work of the Devil.[14][15] Strange behaviors supposedly identified witches to the colonists.[16] Virginia did not experience the type of mass hysteria that characterized the Salem, Massachusetts witch trials in 1692–1693, where 19 colonists were executed for witchcraft, several years before the first accusations against Sherwood.[13] New England's Puritans viewed witchcraft as a threat to their ideal of exemplary godliness, and aggressively sought to act against those who they believed practiced it.[17] Virginia's ministers preached a pious, private relationship with God. Ecclesiastical influence in Virginian courts was much less than in those of New England—Virginia's clergy participated little in witchcraft accusations and trials, unlike their New England counterparts.[18] New England's Puritans had settled in towns, and community pressure helped contribute to witchcraft convictions. There were few such towns in Virginia, where the population mostly lived on farms and plantations, scattered over a large area.[19]

Virginia's lay and religious leaders sought to prosecute offenses, such as gossip, slander, and fornication, that they felt were a threat to social stability in the new colony. They wished to avoid witchcraft prosecutions, which were divisive.[20] Virginia courts were reluctant to hear accusations of witchcraft and were even more reluctant to convict. Unlike the Salem witch trial courts, where the accused had to prove her innocence, in Virginia courts the accuser carried the burden of proof.[21] Further, Virginia courts generally ignored evidence said to have been obtained by supernatural means, whereas the New England courts were known to convict people based solely on it.[22] Virginia required proof of guilt through either searches for witch's marks or ducking. Judges and magistrates would dismiss unsubstantiated cases of witchcraft and allow the accusers, who found themselves "under an ill tongue", to be sued for slander.[11][23][24] Frances Pollard of the Virginia Historical Society states: "It was pretty clear that Virginia early on tried to discourage these charges being brought of witchcraft because they were so troublesome."[13] Virginia's witchcraft fears were more often rooted in folklore than in theology, although the two often intermingled.[25] The southeastern corner of Virginia, present-day Norfolk and Virginia Beach (where Pungo is located), saw more accusations of witchcraft than other areas. According to Leslie M. Newman, this may have been due to the poverty of the area.[9]

Although few Virginia records survive from that era,[8] there are 19 known witchcraft cases brought there during the 17th century, all but one of which ended in acquittal.[13][26] The punishment handed out in the one case that ended in a guilty verdict was 10 stripes and banishment from the county.[27][28] There were no executions for witchcraft in Virginia.[13] Nonetheless, as late as in 1736, Virginia's justices of the peace were reminded that witchcraft was still a crime, and that first offenders could expect to be pilloried and jailed for up to a year.[8] The last Virginia witchcraft trial took place in 1802 in Brooke County, now part of West Virginia. In that case, a couple claimed that a woman was a witch, an accusation ruled to be slander.[29]

Sherwood appears to have been the only accused witch tried by water in Virginia.[13][29] It was believed that, as water was considered pure, it would reject witches, causing them to float, whereas the innocent would sink.[29]

Initial accusations

Sherwood was first charged with witchcraft in a court case held on March 3, 1697, in which Richard Capps alleged that she had caused the death of his bull with a spell. The court made no decision on this charge;[1] the Sherwoods then filed a defamation suit against Capps that was discontinued when the parties came to an agreement.[30] In 1698, Sherwood was accused by her neighbor John Gisburne of bewitching his hogs and cotton crop. No court action followed this accusation, and another action for defamation by the Sherwoods also failed. In the same year Elizabeth Barnes, wife of Anthony Barnes, alleged that Sherwood had assumed the form of a black cat, entered Barnes' home, jumped over her bed, drove and whipped her, and left via the keyhole. Again the allegation was unresolved, and again the subsequent defamation action was lost. For each of the failed actions Sherwood and her husband had to pay court related costs.[1][11][30]

In 1705, Sherwood was involved in a fight with her neighbor, Elizabeth Hill.[31] Sherwood sued Hill and her husband for assault and battery, and on December 7, 1705, was awarded damages of twenty shillings (1 pound sterling).[4][32] On January 3, 1706, the Hills accused Grace Sherwood of witchcraft, although she failed to answer the charge in court.[33] On February 7, 1706, the court ordered her to appear on a charge of having bewitched Elizabeth Hill, causing a miscarriage.[27]

Ducking

17th-century engraving of ducking similar to that of Sherwood

Proceedings resumed in March 1706; the Princess Anne County justices sought to empanel two juries, both made up of women. The first searched Sherwood's home for waxen or baked figures that might indicate she was a witch. The second was ordered to look for "demon suckling teats" by examining her.[8][34] In both instances, reluctance on the part of the local residents made it difficult to form a jury.[8][34] On March 7, 1706, Sherwood was examined by a jury of 12 "ancient and knowing women" appointed to look for markings on her body that might be brands of the Devil.[35] They discovered two "marks not like theirs or like those of any other woman."[35] The forewoman of this jury was the same Elizabeth Barnes who had previously accused Sherwood of witchcraft.[5]

Neither the colonial authorities in Williamsburg nor the local court in Princess Anne were willing to declare Sherwood a witch.[11] Those in Williamsburg considered the charge overly vague, and on April 16 instructed the local court to examine the case more fully. For each court appearance, Sherwood had to travel 16 miles (26 km) from her farm in Pungo to where the court was sitting.[1][27]

On May 2, 1706, the county justices noted that while no particular act of maleficium had been alleged against Sherwood, there was "great cause of suspicion".[36] Consequently, the Sheriff of Princess Anne County took Sherwood into custody, though Sherwood could give bond for her appearance and good behavior.[33] Maximilian Boush, a warden of Lynnhaven Parish Church was the prosecutor in Sherwood's case.[1] On July 5, 1706, the justices ordered a trial by ducking to take place, with Sherwood's consent, but heavy rains caused a postponement until July 10, as they feared the wet weather might harm her health.[8] Sherwood was taken inside Lynnhaven Parish Church, placed on a stool and ordered to ask for forgiveness for her witchery.[33] She replied, "I be not a witch, I be a healer."[1]

Witch Duck Bay as seen from the very end of North Witchduck Road on Witch Duck Point in Virginia Beach, looking north. This is the place where Grace Sherwood was ducked.

At about 10 a.m. on July 10, 1706, Sherwood was taken down a dirt lane now known as Witchduck Road,[13] to a plantation near the mouth of the Lynnhaven River.[33][37] News had spread, and the event attracted people from all over the colony,[1] who began to chant "Duck the witch!"[13] According to the principles of trial by water, if Sherwood floated she would be deemed guilty of witchcraft; if she did not, she would be innocent. It was not intended that Sherwood drown; the court had ordered that care be taken to preserve her life.[28]

Five women of Lynnhaven Parish Church examined Sherwood's naked body on the shoreline for any devices she might have to free herself, and then covered her with a sack.[33] Six of the justices that had ordered the ducking rowed in one boat 200 yards (180 m) out in the river,[13] and in another were the sheriff, the magistrate, and Sherwood. Just before she was pushed off the boat Sherwood is said to have stated, under clear skies, "Before this day be through you will all get a worse ducking than I."[13] Bound across the body – her right thumb to her left big toe and her left thumb to her right big toe – she was cast into the river, and quickly floated to the surface.[11] The sheriff then tied a 13-pound (5.9 kg) Bible around her neck. This caused her to sink again, but she untied herself, and returned to the surface, convincing many spectators she was a witch.[1] As Sherwood was pulled out of the water a downpour reportedly started, drenching the onlookers.[13][29] Several women who subsequently examined her for additional proof found "two things like titts on her private parts of a black coller [color]". She was jailed pending further proceedings.[35]

Aftermath

What happened to Sherwood after her ducking is unclear.[8] She served an unknown time in the jail next to Lynnhaven Parish Church,[35] which may have been as long as seven years and nine months.[29] She was ordered to be detained "to be brought to a future trial", but no record of another trial exists, so it is possible the charge was dismissed at some point.[35] On September 1, 1708, she was ordered to pay Christopher Cocke 600 pounds of tobacco[b] for a reason not specified in surviving records, but there is no mention of the payment.[35] She appears to have been released some time in or before 1714, as in that year she paid back taxes on her 145-acre (59 ha) property—which Virginia Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood helped her to recover from Princess Anne County—off what is now Muddy Creek Road.[29][38] She lived the remainder of her life quietly until her death in 1740, aged about 80.[13][39] Her will was proved on October 1, 1740; it noted that she was a widow.[8] She left five shillings each to her sons James and Richard and everything else to her eldest son John.[40]

According to legend, Sherwood's sons put her body near the fireplace and a wind came down the chimney. Her body disappeared amid the embers, with the only clue being a cloven hoofprint.[11] Sherwood's remains lie unmarked under a clump of trees in a field near the intersection of Pungo Ferry Road and Princess Anne Road in Virginia Beach.[1] Stories about the Devil taking her body, unnatural storms, and loitering black cats quickly arose after her death, and local men killed every feline they could find. The widespread killing of cats might have caused the infestation of rats and mice recorded in Princess Anne County in 1743.[2]

Legacy

Street sign in the Witch Duck Point housing area of Virginia Beach. Many things are named "Witchduck" or "Witch Duck" in Virginia Beach and both spellings are in use.

Grace Sherwood's case was little known until Virginia Beach historian and author Louisa Venable Kyle wrote a children's book about her in 1973. Called The Witch of Pungo, it is a collection of seven local folk tales written as fiction, although based on historical events.[39][41] Sherwood's story is also told in "Cry Witch", a courtroom drama performed at Colonial Williamsburg, the recreated 18th-century capital of Virginia.[13]

A statue by California sculptor Robert Cunningham depicting Sherwood with a raccoon and a basket of rosemary was unveiled on April 21, 2007, on the site of the present-day Sentara Bayside Hospital, close to the sites of both the colonial courthouse and the ducking point.[42][43] The raccoon represents Sherwood's love of animals and the rosemary her knowledge of herbal healing.[42] A Virginia Department of Historic Resources marker (K-276) was erected in 2002, about 25 yards (23 m) from Sherwood's statue. The place of her watery test and the adjacent land are named Witch Duck Bay and Witch Duck Point.[c][43] One of Virginia Beach's minor north–south thoroughfares on its western side, traversing Interstate 264 at exit numbers 14–16, has been named "Witchduck Road".[44] Other commemorations in Virginia Beach include Sherwood Lane and Witch Point Trail.[45][46] A local legend in Virginia Beach states that all of the rosemary growing there came from a single plant Sherwood carried in an eggshell from England.[d][11]

Nash, in addition to writing about Sherwood, worked tirelessly to get her pardoned.[48] Governor Tim Kaine officially restored Sherwood's good name on July 10, 2006, the 300th anniversary of her conviction.[29] Annual reenactments of the ducking have occurred since 2006. No one is actually ducked in the reenactments, which embark from a spot across from Ferry Plantation House along Cheswick Lane, which is very close to Witch Duck Bay.[49][50] According to local residents, a strange moving light, said to be Sherwood's restless spirit, still appears each July over the spot in Witch Duck Bay where Sherwood was thrown into the water.[43]

Notes and references

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Marsh location: 36°42′34″N 75°59′17″W / 36.709311°N 75.988178°W / 36.709311; -75.988178
  2. ^ Then used as currency in Virginia
  3. ^ Witch Duck Bay location: 36°52′52″N 76°07′01″W / 36.881°N 76.117°W / 36.881; -76.117
  4. ^ While it was common at the time to protect seedlings in eggshells,[2] this tale appears to be a variant of another legend that she once ran out of rosemary and rowed an eggshell to a ship in the harbor, bewitched the lone person on board, and sailed in a single night to and from England.[47] Another version of the story describes her sailing to the Mediterranean in an eggshell. See Campbell 1934, Harpers 1884, pp. 99–102

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Old Donation Episcopal Church 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d Chewning 2006, pp. 83–90.
  3. ^ Nash & Sheets 2012, pp. 40–44.
  4. ^ a b c Witkowski 2012.
  5. ^ a b c d Campbell 1934.
  6. ^ James & 1894 Oct, pp. 96–101.
  7. ^ a b Chewning 2006, p. 83.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Hume 2005, pp. 86–89.
  9. ^ a b Newman 2009, pp. 42–43.
  10. ^ Virginia Historical Society 2006.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Department of Public Libraries 2006, pp. 27–30.
  12. ^ Chewning 2006, p. 85.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o USA Today 2006.
  14. ^ Newman 2009, pp. 1–8.
  15. ^ Hill 1972, p. 87.
  16. ^ Virginia Beach.com 2013.
  17. ^ Weisman 1985, pp. 15–16.
  18. ^ Newman 2009, pp. 56–57, 65–74.
  19. ^ Newman 2009, pp. 56–57.
  20. ^ Newman 2009, p. ii.
  21. ^ Newman 2009, pp. 58–59.
  22. ^ Newman 2009, pp. 2–3, 10–11.
  23. ^ Newman 2009, p. 78.
  24. ^ Good Luck Horseshoe 1909, pp. 247–248.
  25. ^ Newman 2009, p. 37.
  26. ^ Newman 2009, pp. 2, 11.
  27. ^ a b c Burr 1914, pp. 435–442.
  28. ^ a b Seltzer 2013.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g Barisic 2006.
  30. ^ a b Yarsinske 2002, pp. 61–62.
  31. ^ James & 1895 Jan, pp. 190–192.
  32. ^ James & 1895 Jan.
  33. ^ a b c d e James & 1895 Apr, pp. 242–245.
  34. ^ a b Newman 2009, pp. 48–49.
  35. ^ a b c d e f James & 1895 Jul, pp. 18–22.
  36. ^ Newman 2009, p. 47.
  37. ^ Harpers 1884, pp. 99–102.
  38. ^ Virginia Beach Historical Society 2001a.
  39. ^ a b Virginia Beach Historical Society 2001.
  40. ^ Chewning 2006, p. 89.
  41. ^ Gibson 2007, pp. 95–97.
  42. ^ a b Batts 2007.
  43. ^ a b c Adams 2009.
  44. ^ Interstate Guide 2013.
  45. ^ Virginia Beach.com 2009.
  46. ^ Dunphy 1994.
  47. ^ Hume 2005, p. 85.
  48. ^ Shapira 2006.
  49. ^ Wethersfield Historical Society 2012.
  50. ^ Batts 2006.

Bibliography

  • Adams, Kathy (June 1, 2009). "What's in a name? Virginia Beach's Witchduck Road". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved August 5, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Barisic, Sonja (July 10, 2006). "Va. Gov. Gives Informal Pardon to Witch". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 5, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Batts, Denise Watson (March 24, 2007). "Statue of exonerated 'Witch of Pungo' finds place to rest". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved August 5, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Batts, Denise Watson (July 10, 2006). "Witch of Pungo pardoned by governor after 300 years". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved August 10, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Burr, George Lincoln (1914). Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Campbell, Beverly (December 30, 1934). "When Virginia Ducked Milady Witch". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved August 5, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Chewning, Alpheus J. (2006). Haunted Virginia Beach. Charleston, SC: History Press. ISBN 978-1-59629-188-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Department of Public Libraries (2006). "4. Witches and Witchcraft". The Beach: A History of Virginia Beach, Virginia (3rd ed.). Virginia Beach, VA: City of Virginia Beach. ISBN 978-0-9779570-0-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Dunphy, Janet (August 13, 1994). "Rural Charm Meets City Splendor". The Virginian-Pilot. Witchduck.org via The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved August 5, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Gibson, Marion (2007). Witchcraft Myths in American Culture. Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97977-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hill, Christopher (1972). The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas during the English Revolution. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-14-013732-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hume, Ivor Noël (2005). Something From The Cellar. Williamsburg, VA: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. ISBN 978-0-87935-229-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • James, Edward W. (October 1894). "Grace Sherwood, the Virginia Witch". The William and Mary Quarterly. 3 (2). Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary. JSTOR 1914583. Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
  • James, Edward W. (January 1895). "Grace Sherwood, the Virginia Witch". The William and Mary Quarterly. 3 (3). Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary. JSTOR 1914774. Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
  • James, Edward W. (April 1895). "Grace Sherwood, the Virginia Witch". The William and Mary Quarterly. 3 (4). Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary. JSTOR 1915288. Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
  • James, Edward W. (July 1895). "Grace Sherwood, the Virginia Witch". The William and Mary Quarterly. 4 (1). Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary. JSTOR 1916177. Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings.
  • Nash, Belinda; Sheets, Danielle (2012). A Place in Time: The Age of the Witch of Pungo. Virginia Beach, VA: W. S. Dawson Company. ISBN 1-57000-107-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Newman, Lindsey M. (April 3, 2009). Under an Ill Tongue: Witchcraft and Religion in Seventeenth-Century Virginia (PDF) (Thesis MA (History) thesis). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Retrieved August 5, 2013.{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Seltzer, Richard. "Grace Sherwood, the witch of Virginia". Samizdat. Retrieved August 5, 2013. Note: this is a transcript in modern English, with shorthand expanded, of the Burr book.
  • Shapira, Ian (July 12, 2006). "After Toil and Trouble, 'Witch' Is Cleared". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 10, 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Weisman, Richard (1985). Witchcraft, Magic and Religion in 17th-Century Massachusetts. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-494-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Witkowski, Monica C. (August 15, 2012). "Grace Sherwood (ca. 1660–1740)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. Retrieved August 5, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Yarsinske, Amy Waters (2002). Virginia Beach: A History of Virginia's Golden Shore. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-2402-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • "The Good Luck Horseshoe". The William and Mary Quarterly. 17 (4). Williamsburg, VA: College of William and Mary. 1909. JSTOR 1915528.
  • "Grace Sherwood – The One Virginia Witch". Harper's New Monthly Magazine. 69. New York: Harper & Brothers. June–November 1884.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  • "Grace Sherwood & The Witch of Pungo". Princess Anne County/Virginia Beach Historical Society. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  • "Grace Sherwood – the Witch of Pungo (1660–1740)". Old Donation Episcopal Church. 2010. Archived from the original on April 12, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
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  • "Interstate 264 Virginia". Interstate Guide. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  • "Pardoning the Witches". Wethersfield Historical Society. June 20, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  • "Pungo". Princess Anne County/Virginia Beach Historical Society. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  • "Va. Woman Seeks To Clear Witch of Pungo". USA Today. Associated Press. July 9, 2006. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  • "Virginia Beach History Guide". Vabeach.com. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  • "The Witch of Pungo: 300 Years After Her Conviction, Governor Restores Grace Sherwood's Good Name". Virginia Historical Society. 2006. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2013.

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