Cowbell
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A cowbell is a bell worn by freely roaming livestock, making animals easier to locate should they wander off. Although they are typically referred to as "cowbells", due to their extensive use with cattle, the bells are used on a wide variety of animals.[1]
Characteristics and Uses
The bell and clapper are most commonly crafted of iron, bronze, brass, copper, or wood. The collar used to hold the bell is traditionally made with leather and wood fibers.
Most cowbells are plated with thin, flat pieces of sheet metal that can be decorated or left plain. The craftsmanship of cowbells varies by geographic location and culture. The ornaments on the cowbell and the collar are usually decorative, but some cultures believe that the ornaments provide magical protection.[citation needed] The cowbell is used to keep track of grazing animal herds like goats, reindeer, sheep and cows. They are mainly found on free-roaming animals in Europe, Mediterranean areas and Latinoamerica, but are also used worldwide by those who practice transhumance, including nomadic pastoral tribes in Africa and Asia.[2][3]
Different bells can have specific sounds to identify important characteristics of the animals, such as age, gender, and species. Some cultures have even developed names to differentiate between bells and their tones; for example, in Spanish "truco" refers to stud males, "esquila" to female goats or ewes, and "esquileta" for pregnant females and immature animals. Each of these bells possess unique sounds, shapes, and sizes.
History
It is difficult to pinpoint when exactly the use of cowbells began, but the earliest examples of truly recognizable cowbells date back to the Iron Age.
The use of iron bells in sub-Saharan African music and the Niger–Congo area is linked to the early iron-making technology spread during the Bantu migrations.
The earliest archaeological evidence of bells dates back to more than 5000 years ago, from the 3rd millennium BC in Neolithic China.[4] During this era, there is evidence of early forms of pottery cowbells, which were likely used to track goats, sheep, and cattle.[5] The pottery bells were later replaced by metal bells. In West Asia, the first bells appeared in 1000 BC.[4] The earliest metal bells, one found in the Taosi site, and four in the Erlitou site, are dated to about 2000 BC.[6]
Though the bells for shepherding were expanded from fertile crescent to Celtic, Carthaginian, Greek and Roman cultures, in Europe the earliest written evidence of bells used for livestock dates to the late 14th to early 15th century. Grimm's Deutsches Wörterbuch s.v. "Kuhschelle" points to a 1410 mention in a Frankfurt archive; the OED lists 1440 as the earliest attestation of a bell-wether, the leading sheep of a flock, on whose neck a bell is hung. The OED also attributes the phrase "to bear the bell" in the sense "to take the first place" as originally referring to the leading cow or sheep of a drove or flock to Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde, 1374. In 15th century Germany, a cow bell was worn only by the best and leading piece of livestock.[citation needed] The wider distribution of the bell worn by livestock was a gradual process of the Early Modern period. In Rabelais, France in the mid-16th century he makes this practice explicit in his Gargantua and Pantagruel, stating that,
- "...such was the custom, to appear on the field wearing jingling garment, as the high priest wears when entering the sacristy; since the tournaments, that is, the contest of nobility, have been abolished, carters have taken the bells and hung them on their hacks" (cited after Grimm, s.v. "Schelle").[This quote needs a citation]
The importance of the cowbell is highlighted in Swiss folklore, which reflects a period when a great Trychel, or large cow bell, was a rare and much-coveted item. The legend of the Simmental tells how a young cowherd strays inside a mountain, and is offered by a beautiful woman the choice between a treasure of gold coins, a golden Trychel, or the fairy herself. He chooses the Trychel.[7]
As opposed to regular cast-metal bells, trychlen are made of hammered sheet metal. This results in a clanking, less crisp sound, but at the same time results in a bell that is lighter and thus easier to carry. In Southern Germany, such cowbells are called Kuhglocke.
Modern-day manufacturing of cowbells continues today. The most famous are from Korea, Indonesia and India; and are created as village handicrafts. Cow bells are now imported rather than produced by the United States; the last remaining cow bell manufacturer − Bevin Brothers Manufacturing of East Hampton, CT[8] − stopped production in 1832.
Examples of Cowbells in Ceremonial Traditions
In Western Europe, when the snow has melted in the spring, villages send the cows to the high alpine meadows to graze. This event, called Alpaufzug, is celebrated in each village with a procession through the village to the high pastures. The cows are decorated with floral wreaths woven through the horns. The best milk-producing cow in the village leads the procession wearing the largest bell. The bells are made in various sizes, and cows are awarded bells according to the milk production of the year.[9]
In the fall, the event is repeated, but called an "Alpabzug", as the animals return from the high meadow. The best cows (called the Kranzkuh) from each herd again lead the procession. The traditional festival is called "Viehscheid" in Southern Germany, and has other names in the Alpine regions.[10]
Gallery
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Ancient Madoera festival. Madoera (Madura), Sawah Tengah, Java Oriental, Indonesia -
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Greek Animal bells -
Italian animal bells -
Ancient Roman cowbell in a Bavarian museum, Weißenburg ( Bayern ). -
A wood collar for cowbell -
Another wood collar for cowbell with carved symbols. -
Iron cowbell view 1 -
Iron cowbell view 2 -
Traditional Costume of Carnival in Galicia (Spain).
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Procession of La Vijanera fiesta (Cantabria). -
Plowing a rice field with oxen, about 1910-1920 in Sawa (Indonesia). -
An improvised cowbell used for sheep or goats. The bell was found in 1988 in a field near Tuqu' (Tekoa) in the Judean hills, the West Bank. The bell's body is made of aluminum, probably a broken kitchen utensil, while the clapper is a brass cartridge case.
See also
References
- ^ "cowbell". The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English 2007. Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
- ^ "Antique Bell :: Antique Tibetan Cow Bell Large :: Creative Hand Nepal :: Nepal Trade Fair an Online Wholesale Handicraft Marketplace !". Creative Hand Nepal. Retrieved 2014-03-06.
- ^ "iron | African | Antiques (US)". Antiqueauctionsnow.net. Retrieved 2014-03-06.
- ^ a b Lothar Von Falkenhausen (1993). Suspended Music: Chime Bells in the Culture of Bronze Age China. University of California Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-520-07378-4. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
China produced the earliest bells anywhere in the world. The earliest metal bells may have been derived from pottery prototypes, which date back to the late stage of the Yang-Shao culture (early third millennium BC)
- ^ Huang, Houming. "Prehistoric Music Culture of China," in Cultural Relics of Central China, 2002, No. 3:18–27. ISSN 1003-1731. pp. 20–27. Link (subscription required)
- ^ Falkenhausen (1994), 132, Appendix I 329, 342.[incomplete short citation]
- ^ Lienert, Meinrad (1915). Die güldene Kuhschelle (in German). Stuttgart. Retrieved 2014-03-06.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "BevinBells Manufacturing Company".
- ^ Spicer, Dorothy Gladys (1958). Twelve Festivals of Switzerland. The H. W. Wilson Company. Retrieved 2014-03-06.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Larkin, Leah (August 25, 2005). "Alps: When the cows come home, it's party time". Stars and Stripes.
- Robert Schwaller, Treicheln, Schellen, Glocken (1996; 2005 addendum).