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Railway colleges in the Soviet Union

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This article includes railway colleges/universities/higher-educational-institutes in the Russian empire, the Soviet Union, and the Post-Soviet states (which includes the Russian Federation).

Railway colleges are higher educational institutes which train students for railway careers, mainly in engineering. They differ from other colleges by offering various classes on railway topics (such as Railway electrification, railway operations, etc.) and most students major in some railway specialty. The Soviet Union inherited a few such colleges from the Russian empire and both expanded them and created many new railway colleges. After the demise of the Soviet Union and the resulting decline in railway transportation in the Post-Soviet states, most of these colleges (often renamed as a "University") continued to operate with government support.

Introduction

Railway colleges prepare students for careers in various aspects of railroading, primarily as engineers.[1] During the Soviet period they were often known as "higher educational institutes" (for railways) оr vuz (вуз Template:Ru icon, (an acronym ), and this designation is still in use. In 1967 (Soviet period) they had a total of 215,000 students enrolled, about half of which were correspondence students.[2] However, less than 7000 students graduated each year, mostly in engineering (such as electrical, mechanical, or civil engineering with emphasis on railway applications).

Almost 10 years later (in 1976) they had a total of 130 thousand students: 50k daytime students, 12k nite school students, and 52k correspondence students. There were 21 different fields of study including 3 new ones: computer science, applied mathematics, and automatic control systems. During the 9th 5-year plan (1970-1975) they graduated 66 thousand engineers (a little over 12 thousand per years) which is more than reported for the 1960s per above. [3] In 1976 there were then a total of 15 institutes (vuz) and 86 Technikums.

Today (2010), about 20 years after the demise of the Soviet Union that founded many of these colleges, railway universities are still quite active. Two major railway universities in 2010 are in St. Petersburg and Moscow:

The Moscow "University claims to be the 5th largest university in the world in terms of the number of students (about 60,000). [4] This excludes correspondence students but might include students in the over 40 branches of the university in other cities and also might include students in the technikum (which is something like an advanced trade school) that merged into the university.[5] However only "17,000 undergraduate and postgraduate students" are claimed on the English part of the official university website:[6]

Railway vocational schools

Besides railway colleges/universities, there were railway tekhnikums = technicums = техникумы.[7] These were schools which were mid-level educational institutions somewhat below the college level. They are often known as "colleges" in Russia today [8] There was also a somewhat lower level of railway school known as a railway uchilishche Template:Ru icon or ПУ = PU for short. Graduates of these two types of schools were qualified to become technicians, maintaining and repairing railway equipment and track, etc. Some became locomotive drivers along with some graduates of railway colleges.

Post Soviet railway colleges currently inside the Russian Federation

These have official names like "Samara Government University of Railways" but it's shown below as "Samara Railway University" for short. Even shorter are the Russian acronyms for the universities in Cyrillic shown below just after the university name. Most of these acronyms end with "ГУПС" which stands for "Государственный Университет Путей Сообщения" and translates to "Government University of Railways". (ru wiki) means the Russian Wikipedia Template:Ru icon). The date after the city name is the year it was founded. Except for Omsk, all were founded during the Soviet period.

(The "Open Academy" is a correspondence school and is part of the Moscow Railway University: (MIIT=МИИТ)).

The above universities often have branches in other cities. Railway trade schools "technikumi" may have been taken in under the university umbrella. The above websites often include pictures of campuses, students, etc. For full access to the websites (which includes class assignments, etc.) one usually needs an account (including password) which only the students, etc. may obtain. Russians today seem to be highly motivated to obtain a college education, even if the job prospects are not very good. It was thought by some that under capitalism, there would not be the surplus of college graduates that existed in the USSR. But it turns out that there is an even greater surplus today. [9]

Post-Soviet Railway colleges outside of the Russian Federation

These are found today in the Post-Soviet states outside of the Russian Federation. The names below (in use today) are somewhat different than the names used during the Soviet era (and two were founded after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Another two of them (Belarus and Riga) may no longer exist today (websites for them haven't been found).

Textbooks for railway college courses

A large number of titles of railway textbooks were published in the USSR.[12] Examples of subjects covered are railway track, cars, locomotives, signalling and communications (including remote control and automation), transport economics, accounting, etc. Every year saw several new such textbooks (or revised editions of existing textbooks).[13] Railway textbooks were also published for use by #Railway vocational schools.

Comparison with the United States

There is no comparison of railway colleges in the Soviet Union with the United States since there were no railways colleges in the United States. However, the [US] once had railway University courses in Civil Engineering[14] and there was a failed attempt at Harvard Business School to create a cadet-system of railway education in the 1920s.[15]

After WWII the University of Illinois was the only major institution in the US providing instruction in railway engineering (in the Civil Engineering Dept.). After professor W.W. Hay retired from teaching railway engineering there, his position was not replaced and the railway courses were thus abolished. At Harvard Business School there were great expectations for the "cadet" program but the railroads failed to support it and the graduates from the program obtained positions in other industries. One observer of the railroad's attitude towards education stated that railway senior officials were the result of producing "the 'practical man' who had little use for anything learned in school".[16] Wyckoff's book states (regarding the railroad's "Attitudes toward formal education") that "There was even evidence that the educated man was put upon and ridiculed by other middle managers and workers." Thus the railroads themselves appear to be at least partly responsible for the lack of college level railway education in the US.

References

Books

  • Wyckoff, D. Daryl, "Railroad Management" Lexington Books 1976.

Magazines

ЖД Транс = Железносоеожный транспорт Template:Ru icon (Railway transpot). Moscow (monthly)

Notes

  1. ^ See the "Great Soviet Encylcopedia" (БСЭ) article on railway colleges:[1]
  2. ^ Personal letter dated Nov. 15, 1967 to David Lawyer from Professor Nicholas DeWitt (director of "International Survey of Educational Development and Planning" at Indiana University)
  3. ^ {Шипетовский, В.Н. "Бысокие требования к кадрам трансморта" Template:Rus icon (High requirements for transport workers) in ЖД Транс, #1, 1977 pp.63-70 (see p. 65)
  4. ^ :В.П. Янелисом "Газета «выстреливает» один раз; Интервью с главным редактором студенческой газеты МИИТа «Инженер транспорта» В.П. Янелисом" Template:Ru icon (The newspaper is a one-shot deal ; Interview with the editor of the student newspaper of MIIT 'Transport Engineer' В.П. Янелисом) Политическое образование (Political Education (Internet Magazine)) Feb. 1, 2010.
  5. ^ Тамара Андреева: "Подготовка специалистов Ориентиры «двойных» реформ" Template:Ru icon(Preparing specialists, orienting on double reform) in Транспорт России, № 13 (613) 25 March 2010.
  6. ^ About the university
  7. ^ See The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979) for info on tekhnikums
  8. ^ tekhnikums become "colleges" but the Russian definition of college Template:Ru icon (pronounced the same as in English) doesn't correspond with the English definition of college. So it's incorrect to call them "colleges" if one adheres to the English definition of this word.
  9. ^ Ochkina, A. V. , 2004-08-14 "The motivation for college education in contemporary Russia" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Hilton San Francisco & Renaissance Parc 55 Hotel, San Francisco, CA, Online <.PDF>. 2009-05-26 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p109048_index.html
  10. ^ Can't find a website for it in Belarus. Is it defunct or has it changed its name??
  11. ^ Can't find a website for it in Latvia. Is it defunct or changed its name?
  12. ^ See Bibliography of "Rail transport in the Soviet Union" for books labeled "textbook". There are many more such textbooks besides the ones shown in this bibliography.
  13. ^ See the Soviet serial "Ежегодник книги СССР" (Yearbook of books published, USSR) published in Moscow by "Бсесоюзной книжной палаты = "National book publishers" ISSN: 0201-6354. For example the yearbook for 1956 (vol. 2 for the 2nd half of 1956) lists four textbooks z for railway colleges (titles are translated): 20803: Interactions of track and rolling stock, 20838: Automatic Brakes, 20864: Railroad cars, 20896: Automation and remote control at stations (includes freight yards). The numbering (like 20864) starts with 1 for the first book listed in vol. 1 (the first half of 1956). Note that other railway textbooks are also listed but they are for Tekhnikums = Technicums = техникумы (20899, 20906, 20935) and uchilishches (20834)
  14. ^ See William Hay Educator, researcher, national and international railroad expert
  15. ^ Wyckoff, p.97
  16. ^ Wyckoff, p.96
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