Ranunculus
| Ranunculus | |
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| Creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| (unranked): | |
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| Genus: | Ranunculus |
| Species | |
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250-400+; see text | |
Ranunculus /ræˈnʌŋkjʊləs/[1] is a large genus of about 600 species of plants in the Ranunculaceae. Members of the genus include the buttercups, spearworts, water crowfoots and the lesser celandine. The petals are often highly lustrous, especially in yellow species. Buttercups usually flower in the spring, but flowers may be found throughout the summer, especially where the plants are growing as opportunistic colonizers, as in the case of garden weeds.
The Water crowfoots (Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium), which grow in still or running water, are sometimes treated in a separate genus Batrachium (from Greek βάτραχος batrachos, "frog"). They have two different leaf types, thread-like leaves underwater and broader floating leaves. In some species, such as R. aquatilis, a third, intermediate leaf type occurs.
Ranunculus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Hebrew Character and Small Angle Shades. Some species are popular ornamental flowers in horticulture, with many cultivars selected for large and brightly coloured flowers.
Naming
The name Ranunculus is Late Latin for "little frog," from rana "frog" and a diminutive ending. This probably refers to many species being found near water, like frogs.
The name buttercup may derive from a false belief that the plants give butter its characteristic yellow hue (in fact it is poisonous to cows and other livestock). A popular children's game involves holding a buttercup up to the chin; a yellow reflection is supposed to indicate fondness for butter.[2]
In the interior of the Pacific Northwest of the United States the buttercup is called "Coyote’s eyes" — ʔiceyéeyenm sílu in Nez Perce and spilyaynmí áčaš in Sahaptin. In the legend Coyote was tossing his eyes up in the air and catching them again when Eagle snatched them. Unable to see, Coyote made eyes from the buttercup.[citation needed]
Splitting of the genus
Molecular investigation of the genus has revealed that Ranunculus is not monophyletic with respect to a number of other recognized genera in the family – e.g. Ceratocephala, Halerpestes, Hamadryas, Laccopetalum, Myosurus, Oxygraphis, Paroxygraphis and Trautvetteria. A proposal to split Ranunculus into several genera have thus been published in a new classification for the tribe Ranunculeae.[3] The split (and often re-recognized) genera include Arcteranthis Greene, Beckwithia Jeps., Callianthemoides Tamura, Coptidium (Prantl) Beurl. ex Rydb., Cyrtorhyncha Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray, Ficaria Guett., Krapfia DC., Kumlienia E.Greene and Peltocalathos Tamura.
Pharmacological activity
The most common use of Ranunculus species in traditional medicines are anti-rheumatism, intermittent fever and rubefacient. The findings in some Ranunculus species of, for example, Protoanemonin, anemonin, may justify the uses of these species against fever, rheumatism and rubefacient in Asian traditional medicines. [4]
Toxicity
All Ranunculus species are poisonous when eaten fresh by cattle, horses, and other livestock, but their acrid taste and the blistering of the mouth caused by their poison means they are usually left uneaten. Poisoning can occur where buttercups are abundant in overgrazed fields where little other edible plant growth is left, and the animals eat them out of desperation. Symptoms include bloody diarrhea, excessive salivation, colic, and severe blistering of the mouth, mucous membranes and gastrointestinal tract. When Ranunculus plants are handled, naturally occurring ranunculin is broken down to form protoanemonin, which is known to cause contact dermatitis in humans and care should therefore be exercised in extensive handling of the plants.[5] The toxins are degraded by drying, so hay containing dried buttercups is safe.
Selected species list
- Ranunculus abortivus – littleleaf buttercup
- Ranunculus aconitifolius – aconite-leaf buttercup
- Ranunculus acraeus – a newly described species from Otago, New Zealand
- Ranunculus acris – meadow buttercup
- Ranunculus alismifolius – plantainleaf buttercup
- Ranunculus andersonii – Anderson's buttercup
- Ranunculus aquatilis – common water crowfoot
- Ranunculus arvensis – corn buttercup
- Ranunculus asiaticus – Persian buttercup
- Ranunculus auricomus – Goldilocks buttercup (type species)
- Ranunculus biternatus – Antarctic buttercup
- Ranunculus bonariensis – Carter's buttercup
- Ranunculus bulbosus – bulbous buttercup
- Ranunculus calandrinioides – high alpine buttercup
- Ranunculus californicus – California buttercup
- Ranunculus canus – Sacramento Valley buttercup
- Ranunculus cassubicus – Kashubian buttercup
- Ranunculus crassipes – subantarctic buttercup
- Ranunculus cymbalaria – marsh buttercup
- Ranunculus eschscholtzii – alpine buttercup
- Ranunculus ficaria – lesser celandine
- Ranunculus flabellaris – yellow water buttercup
- Ranunculus flammula – lesser spearwort
- Ranunculus fluitans – river water crowfoot
- Ranunculus glaberrimus – sagebrush buttercup
- Ranunculus glacialis – glacier buttercup
- Ranunculus gormanii – Gorman's buttercup
- Ranunculus hebecarpus – delicate buttercup
- Ranunculus hispidus – bristly buttercup
- Ranunculus hydrocharoides – frogbit buttercup
- Ranunculus jovis – Utah buttercup
- Ranunculus kadzusensis – makino, maehwamarum (see Ganghwa Maehwamarum Habitat)
- Ranunculus lapponicus – Lapland buttercup
- Ranunculus lingua – greater spearwort
- Ranunculus lobbii – Lobb's buttercup
- Ranunculus longirostris – water buttercup
- Ranunculus lyallii – Mount Cook lily, reputedly the largest buttercup
- Ranunculus macounii – Macoun's buttercup
- Ranunculus micranthus – small-flowered crowfoot
- Ranunculus moseleyi – Moseley's buttercup
- Ranunculus muricatus – spinyfruit buttercup
- Ranunculus occidentalis – western buttercup
- Ranunculus orthorhynchus – straightbeak buttercup
- Ranunculus papulentus – large river buttercup
- Ranunculus parviflorus – smallflower buttercup
- Ranunculus pedatifidus – birdfoot buttercup
- Ranunculus peltatus – pond water crowfoot
- Ranunculus pensylvanicus – Pennsylvania buttercup
- Ranunculus platanifolius – large white buttercup
- Ranunculus populago – popular buttercup
- Ranunculus pusillus – low spearwort
- Ranunculus pygmaeus – pygmy buttercup
- Ranunculus recurvatus – hooked crowfoot
- Ranunculus repens – creeping buttercup
- Ranunculus rionii – water crowfoot
- Ranunculus sardous – hairy buttercup, Sardinian buttercup
- Ranunculus sceleratus – celery-leaved buttercup
- Ranunculus septentrionalis – swamp buttercup
- Ranunculus sieboldii[6]
- Ranunculus testiculatus – bur buttercup
- Ranunculus thora – Thora buttercup
- Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix ex Vill. – Thora buttercup
- Ranunculus uncinatus – woodland buttercup
See List of Ranunculus species for a more complete list with native ranges.
See also
References
Notes
- ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
- ^ Roadside Plants and Flowers: A Traveler's Guide to the Midwest and Great Lakes Area : With a Few Familiar Off-Road Wildflowers, North Coast Bks, Marian S. Edsall, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1985 ISBN 0299097048
- ^ Emadzade K, Lehnebach C, Lockhart P & Hörandl E (2010) A molecular phylogeny, morphology and classification of genera of Ranunculeae (Ranunculaceae). Taxon 59: 809–828.
- ^ Aslam, M.S, Ijaz, A.S (2012). "THE GENUS RANUNCULUS: A PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW". International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. 4 (5): 15–22.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Ranunculus". Botanical Dermatology Database. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
- ^ Li, H. (December 2013). "Evaluation of antiviral activity of compounds isolated from Ranunculus sieboldii and Ranunculus sceleratus". Planta Medica. 71 (12): 1128–1133. doi:10.1055/s-2005-873169. PMID 16395649.
Sources
- "GRIN Species Records of Ranunculus". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
External links
