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The Ontario Ombudsman is an independent officer of the provincial legislature in Ontario, Canada. In the tradition of the classical parliamentary Ombudsman first established in Sweden in 1809, Ontario's Ombudsman oversees and investigates public complaints about the government of Ontario, including more than 500 provincial government ministries, agencies, corporations, tribunals, boards and commissions. Ontario has had an ombudsman since 1975. All Canadian provinces except Prince Edward Island have an ombudsman (known as Protecteur/protectrice du citoyen in Quebec and Citizens' Representative in Newfoundland and Labrador).[1]

The Ontario Ombudsman's motto is "Ontario's Watchdog."

History

Ontario was the seventh province to establish an Ombudsman's office, which it did in March 1975, preceded by Alberta and New Brunswick (1967), Quebec (1968), Manitoba and Nova Scotia (1970) and Saskatchewan (1972). The first Ombudsman of Ontario was Arthur Maloney, who served from 1975 to 1979. He was succeeded by Donald Morand (1979-1984), Daniel Hill (1984-1989), Roberta Jamieson (1989-1999), Clare Lewis (2000-2005) and André Marin (2005–present).

Role and function

The Ombudsman is independent of government and political parties. His (or her - the term "Ombudsman" originates from Swedish and is considered to be gender-neutral) job is to hold government accountable by reviewing and investigating public complaints about the administration of government services. He may also launch investigations of his own accord or on his own motion. The Ombudsman is appointed for a five-year renewable term by an all-party committee named by the legislature.

The Ombudsman's powers and authorities are set out in the Ombudsman Act. They include the power to enter any government premises to gather evidence, and the power to compel witnesses to give evidence. He may investigate and report his findings publicly if he finds that a "decision, recommendation, act or omission" of a body he oversees was contrary to law, unreasonable, unjust, oppressive, discriminatory, based on a mistake of law or fact, or simply wrong.[2] The Act requires individuals as well as government officials and employees to co-operate with the Ombudsman's investigations.

The Ombudsman reports annually to the Legislature and may also issue special reports. His recommendations are not binding.

In 2013-2014 the Office of the Ontario Ombudsman's budget was $11.24 million and it employed approximately 85 staff. In that year, the office handled 26,999 cases, the majority of which were resolved within three weeks.[3]

In addition to annual and special reports, the Ombudsman publishes a regular electronic newsletter.[4]

Current Ombudsman and mandate

André Marin was appointed as Ontario's sixth Ombudsman in April 2005. He reorganized the office in an effort to make it more efficient and reallocated resources to handle broad systemic issues affecting large numbers of people, as well as individual complaints. The "Special Ombudsman Response Team" (SORT) was created to handle these large field investigations, using a dedicated team of experienced investigators. This has resulted in reforms to, among other things, the Municipal Property Assessment Corporation, compensation of crime victims, support payments for the disabled, the screening of newborn babies for preventable disorders, legal aid and the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation. These investigations are detailed in the Ombudsman's special reports.

In every annual report since he was appointed, Marin stressed the positive changes brought about by the government as a result of these investigations, but mentioned the continuing lack of oversight granted to the Ombudsman's office in the so-called "MUSH sector," i.e. municipalities, universities, school boards and hospitals - as well as long-term care facilities, children's aid societies and police. Previously, the Ontario ombudsman's office was the only one in Canada that did not have a mandate to investigate in at least some of these areas. However, in December 2014, the provincial legislature passed a law giving the Office of the Ontario Ombudsman oversight of municipalities, universities, and school boards (Bill 8, Public Sector and MPP Accountability and Transparency Act, 2014). The law passed royal assent but no date was given for the enforcement of this oversight.[5] Marin noted in a press release that the expansion "will double the agencies his office oversees by adding some 548 bodies (443 municipalities, 22 universities, 83 school boards) to the 500-plus provincial ministries, agencies, boards, corporations, commissions and tribunals already within his mandate." [6]

Prior to that, the Ombudsman's jurisdiction had been expanded, in January 2008 to include the new responsibility for enforcement of the Ontario Municipal Act's requirements that all municipal councils, committees and most local boards keep their meetings open to the public. The Act designates the Ombudsman as the investigator of public complaints about closed meetings in all municipalities that have not appointed their own investigator. To further understanding of these new requirements, Marin published The Sunshine Law Handbook: Open Municipal Meetings in Ontario, a guide to the new legal provisions. (Updated editions were published in 2009 and 2015.) He also created a new investigative team similar to SORT, called OMLET - the Open Meeting Law Enforcement Team - to specialize in investigations of closed meeting complaints, and in 2012, he published the Office's first annual report devoted entirely to that subject. He has also published two OMLET annual reports since then.[7]

In previous annual reports, Marin emphasized the importance of oversight and accountability at a time of economic downturn and budget shortfalls. As well, he noted that Ontario's SORT model is being emulated by ombudsmen and other administrative watchdogs in many other countries and across Canada, thanks to "Sharpening Your Teeth," an annual training course started by SORT in 2007 that has trained (on a complete cost-recovery basis) hundreds of investigators and ombudsmen from around the world. Marin was also awarded the Ontario Bar Association's Tom Marshall Award of Excellence in 2009, in recognition of outstanding achievements in the practice of public sector law in Ontario. [1]

Marin's five-year term as ombudsman expired March 31, 2010. Marin applied for a second term and was reappointed as the Ombudsman of Ontario on June 1, 2010 for another 5-year term. In November 2011, the Ontario Ombudsman launched a mobile version of the office's website. This 'web app', believed to be the first of its kind in the ombudsman world, lets mobile users browse the Office's website more quickly and efficiently. They can file an online complaint from their mobile device, as well as search the full site and read Ombudsman Ontario news and reports. [2]

Controversies Under Marin's Mandate

The current Ombudsman, Andre Marin, has been the subject of a number of public controversies during his tenure. These have ranged from his high-profile investigations to his management style, his office expenses and use of Twitter.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] In 2010, Toronto Star (the Star) reporters David Bruser and Moira Welsh investigated human rights and labour complaints by Ombudsman staff under Marin’s tenure [8][15][16][17][18][19][20] and his awarding of contracts to law professor and now Ontario Court Justice, David Paciocco.[21]

Human rights and labour complaints

In late May 2010, the Toronto Star published a series of articles based on interviews with several unnamed sources identified as past and present Ombudsman employees - as well as three who gave their names - who alleged that Marin instituted a “culture of fear” in the workplace upon taking over as Ontario Ombudsman. It also reported some employees had filed complaints with the Ontario Human Rights Tribunal(OHRT). Employees alleged systematic bullying, harassment and in some cases, racism.[8][15][16][17][18][20] Some also alleged there were bizarre rules prohibiting them from using the hallway in front of Marin's office, speaking to Marin unless spoken to first, and displaying personal photos in their workspaces.[8] Other allegations concerned sexism and ageism. All of these allegations were denied by Marin, as well as a current employee interviewed by the Star, and NDP MPP Peter Kormos, who visited the Ombudsman's office the day the story was published and told media he saw diverse employees and many personal photos on display.[22]

By 2010, the Ombudsman’s office, a fairness office that reports directly to the Ontario Legislature, had five simultaneous and active complaints against it filed by employees with the Ontario Human Rights Tribunal(OHRT).[8][15][16][17][18][20] Marin was named in one complaint, which was dismissed in August 2010.[20] The tribunal has not made any findings against the Ombudsman's office.

The sources quoted by the Star estimated that at least 10 former employees have been “bought out” and “gagged” from speaking about their negative experiences and received payments from Marin’s office.[8] The Star also reported that the employees' union retained a labour investigator, but noted neither she nor the union would comment on whether an investigation was conducted.[8] On June 3, 2010, the Star reported that a report done after Marin left his post as Ombudsman for the Canadian Forces in 2005 found that he left a dysfunctional workplace in his wake, rife with complaints and 150 staff departures.[23]

"Slave Auction" poster

In 2012, another OHRT complaint was filed by the former front desk receptionist, who is black and of Haitian/African-Canadian descent. She alleged racial discrimination and a methodical pattern of harassment and intimidation, culminating in two main events.[19] She claimed that in 2010, a white manager, knowing she had concerns for family in Haiti following the 2010 Haiti earthquake, purposefully made hurtful and untrue comments intended to harass her based on her ethnic origin, by saying he was planning a cruise with a “pit stop in Haiti … but not where all that cholera stuff is going on.”[19] The Tribunal dismissed this claim in November 2013, stating that a "mere statement that one is not going to the parts of Haiti where there is cholera raises no connection to a (Human Rights) Code ground." [24]

The second allegation surrounded a poster that was e-mailed to all Ombudsman employees and also physically placed around the office, including the reception desk where the employee worked, about a "silent auction" charity event.[19] It included a cartoon of a group of white men waiving paper money, accompanied by a poem that included the suggestion that staff could auction themselves as a “slave for a day” to raise money for charity.[19] The poster was created by the employees’ social committee, which was entirely white and included a member of the Ombudsman's senior management team, senior legal counsel Wendy Ray, who has been personally named in a number of human rights and discrimination cases against the office.[16][19][20] Following complaints from other black employees, the poster was revised and “slave for a day” was replaced with “gofer for a day.” The employee complained that despite this, a copy of the original offending poster was left on her desk, and that the author of the poem later escalated the situation by sending an email that said, in part: "why anyone would take offense is BEYOND ME and if you can’t see that, then you clearly have ISSUES (…) And if this email makes you even more mad and offended, TOO BAD!!!![19] At the OHRT, the ex-employee and author of the email claimed that it involved a completely unrelated dispute among social committee members.[25] The complainant alleged these incidents were part of a continuing pattern of systemic discrimination she had been subjected to while employed at the Ontario Ombudsman. She also alleged that as result of her complaint, she was subjected to serious reprisals by management and eventually forced out of her job.[19]

David Paciocco contracts

In June and July 2010, the Toronto Star published two articles reporting that that over his 12 years as the Ontario Ombudsman and Ombudsman for the Canadian Military, Marin awarded consulting contracts worth almost a quarter of a million dollars to Ottawa law professor David Paciocco.[21][26] At the time, Marin’s salary was at $215,000.[27] The articles cited federal documents showing $84,000 was paid to Paciocco between 2001 and 2005 and $141,000 after 2005. The Star described Paciocco as Marin's "good friend" (although Marin's office said they had no personal relationship) and cited unnamed sources alleging that Paciocco was hired to "spice up" Marin's reports (while Marin's office said he was hired for his legal expertise, for which tendering is not required). The Star quoted comments that Paciocco made about Marin in a speech at a public dinner the previous year:

I have known him since he was a boy’s head sticking out of a man’s suit. I have known and worked with André Marin for more some 20 years - which happens to be his entire professional career... I like to think that Andre fancied me as something of his mentor.[21][26]

As a result of the Star article series, Marin and Paciocco made the first Ontario Press Council challenge to the “permissible limits of investigative journalism” in its 38-year history.[28] They disputed many of the allegations from the Star's unnamed sources and argued that the articles were unbalanced. In its January 2011 decision,[28] the Press Council upheld Paciocco's complaint and aspects of Marin's, requiring the Star to publish this fact on its website. The council noted that it was not in a position to determine whether or not the facts in the articles were correct, although it found no obvious factual errors in the stories. However, it stated that the articles gave "greater prominence to the allegations against Mr. Marin than to his denials," [29] and that "the vague assertions by an anonymous source, the excerpts from a speech given by Mr. Paciocco and the results of the Star’s subsequent investigation into the fees paid to Mr. Paciocco do not justify the derogatory inferences that the two stories contain."[29] The Council also stated:

...that while the articles, on balance, gave greater prominence to the allegations against Marin than to the denials, there were no obvious factual errors contained in the stories and that “no aspect of the complainant’s defense went unreported.[28]

Durham police tweets

On August 8, 2013, the Ombudsman’s Office announced an investigation into how the provincial government directs police to deal with de-escalating crisis situations, in the wake of the police shooting death of 18-year-old Sammy Yatim on a Toronto streetcar.[30]

Before the 11 a.m. press conference, Marin was tweeted at multiple times by a Twitter user whose bio said “only goal in life: expose Andre Marin for the leach on society he is”. The user, @JoeyMayo12 (account since deleted), tweeted: “@Ont_Ombudsman is a carded member of Al Qaida” and “@Ont_Ombudsman YOU SIR ARE A COMPLETE DOUCHE BAG! Why don’t you stick your big french nose up your ass instead of business it doesnt belong”.[31] Marin tweeted that the account was linked to the name and badge number of an officer with the Durham Regional Police Service, whom he identified publicly.[32]

Durham police’s professional standards branch investigated and determined that another officer, Detective Jeff Caplan from the force’s major fraud unit, actually created the account, impersonating his colleague.

Caplan pleaded guilty to charges of discreditable conduct under the Police Services Act and was demoted for nine months after a hearing in December 2013.[33] He was also ordered to undergo training on workplace harassment.[34]

Caplan apologized to his colleague and Marin in September 2013. The Ombudsman met with him in person and accepted Caplan's apology.[35]

The Ombudsman faced criticism for initially naming the wrong officer.[36] He apologized, both publicly and one-on-one, to the officer,[37] and the officer accepted his apology.[38]

Reports and publications (since 2005)

The Sunshine Law Handbook: Third Edition, Open Municipal Meetings in Ontario, January 2015 [3]

Careless About Child Care - Investigation into how the Ministry of Education responds to complaints and concerns relating to unlicensed daycare providers, October 2014 [4]

2013-2014 Annual Report about Closed Municipal Meetings, January 2015 [5]

Annual Report 2013-2014, June 2014 [6]

Better Safe Than Sorry - Investigation into how the Ministry of Transportation administers the process for obtaining and assessing information about drivers who may have uncontrolled hypoglycemia, April 2014 [7]

2012-2013 Annual Report about Closed Municipal Meetings, December 2013 [8]

Annual Report 2012-2013, July 2013. [9]

The Code: Investigation into the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services’ response to allegations of excessive use of force against inmates., June 2013. [10]

2011-2012 Annual Report about Closed Municipal Meetings, October 2012. [11]

In the Line of Duty: Investigation into how the Ontario Provincial Police and the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services have addressed operational stress injuries affecting police officers, October 2012. [12]

Investigation into whether Council for the City of London held an improper closed meeting at Harmony Grand Buffet on February 21, 2012, August 2012 [13]

Investigation into Closed Meetings by the Town of Amherstburg Council on January 9 and February 13, 2012, July 2012 [14]

Annual Report 2011-2012, June 2012 [15]

Investigation into whether the City of London’s Committee of the Whole improperly discussed “Occupy London” in camera on November 7, 2011, March 2012 [16]

Investigation into whether the City of Hamilton’s NHL Proposal Sub-Committee held an improperly closed meeting, February 2012 [17]

Investigation into whether the Town of Amherstburg Council held multiple closed meetings in contravention of the Municipal Act, January 2012 [18]

Oversight Undermined: Investigation into the Ministry of the Attorney General's implementation of recommendations concerning reform of the Special Investigations Unit, December 2011. [19]

Annual Report 2010-2011, June 2011 [20]

Caught in the Act: Investigation into The Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services’ conduct in relation to Ontario Regulation 233/10 under the Public Works Protection Act, December 2010 [21]

The LHIN Spin: Investigation into the Hamilton Niagara Haldimand Brant Local Health Integration Network's use of community engagement in its decision-making process", August 2010. [22]

Annual Report 2009-2010, June 2010 [23]

A Vast Injustice: Investigation into the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care’s decision-making concerning the funding of Avastin for colorectal cancer patients, September 2009. [24]

Too Cool For School Too: Investigation into Cambrian College’s administration of its Health Information Management Program and the oversight provided by the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, August 2009. [25]

Too Cool For School: Investigation into the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities’ Oversight of Bestech Academy Inc. and Enforcement of the Private Career Colleges Act, July 2009 [26]

Annual Report 2008-2009, June 2009 [27]

Pirating Our Property: Investigation Into the City Oshawa's Failure to Co-operate, April 2009 [28]

The ABCs of Education and Training: Investigation into the City of Oshawa Development Services Committee Special Meeting of May 22, 2008, March 2009 [29]

Investigation into the Council of the Township of Baldwin's Closed Meeting of July 14, 2008, March 2009 [30]

Investigation into the Council of the Township of Nipissing's Special Meeting of April 25, 2008, February 2009 [31]

Municipal Government By Stealth: Investigation into the Council of the Township of Emo's Closed Meeting of April 8, 2008, January 2009 [32]

Oversight Unseen: Investigation into the Special Investigations Unit's operational effectiveness and credibility, September 2008 [33]

The Sunshine Law Handbook: Open Municipal Meetings in Ontario, September 2008 [34]

Annual Report 2007-2008, June 2008 [35]

Building Clarity: Investigation into how the Ministry of Government and Consumer Services represents its relationship with Tarion Warranty Corp. to the public, June 2008 [36]

Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me - Opening the Door on the Elton John Ticket Scandal: Investigation into City of Greater Sudbury Council closed meeting of February 20, 2008, April 2008 [37]

A Test of Wills: Investigation into Legal Aid Ontario's role in the funding of the legal defence of Richard Wills, February 2008 [38]

Enlightening Closed Council Sessions: Investigation into Fort Erie Town Council closed meeting of January 7, 2008, February 2008 [39]

Annual Report 2006-2007, June 2007 [40]

A Game of Trust: Investigation into the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation's protection of the public from theft and fraud, March 2007 [41]

Adding Insult to Injury: Investigation into treatment of victims by the Criminal Injuries Compensation Board, February 2007 [42]

It's All in the Name: Investigation into the Family Responsibility Office's ineffective enforcement using a writ of seizure and sale, August 2006 [43]

Annual Report 2005-2006, June 2006 [44]

Losing the Waiting Game: Investigation into unreasonable delay at the Ministry of Community and Social Services' Ontario Disability Support Program's Disability Adjudication Unit, May 2006 [45]

Getting it Right: Investigation into the transparency of the property assessment process at the Municipal Property Assessment Corporation, March 2006 [46]

The Right to be Impatient: Investigation into whether the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care has failed to properly administer newborn screening, September 2005 [47]

From Hope to Despair: Investigation into the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care's refusal to fund the drug Cystagon for treatment of Batten's Disease, September 2005 [48]

Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Investigation into the parents of special-needs children being forced to relinquish custody in order to obtain necessary residential care, May 2005 [49]

Complaints procedure

Members of the public may complain to the Ombudsman by phone, online, in writing, in person, via email or through the Ombudsman's office. The procedure is explained on the Ombudsman's website.[39] Early Resolutions Officers are trained to handle complaints quickly and resolve them where possible. If an investigation is deemed warranted, the Ombudsman's investigators will review the matter and gather evidence.

The Ombudsman is generally an office of last resort. Complainants are encouraged to first try to resolve their problem through the complaint and appeal procedures offered by the government agency in question. Ombudsman staff can assist people who are not sure whether or not an avenue of appeal exists.

References

  1. ^ website of the Ontario Ombudsman
  2. ^ R.S.O. 1990, c. O.6, s. 21 (1)
  3. ^ Annual Report 2013-2014, https://ombudsman.on.ca/Files/sitemedia/Images/Reports/AR-Appendix-4-ENG.pdf
  4. ^ Ombudsman newsletter
  5. ^ "Bill 8", Legislative Assembly of Ontario, http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/bills/bills_detail.do?locale=en&Intranet&BillID=3000
  6. ^ http://www.ombudsman.on.ca/Newsroom/Press-Release/2014/Ontario-Ombudsman-welcomes-historic-expansion-of-m.aspx
  7. ^ http://ombudsman.on.ca/Resources/Municipal-Reports.aspx
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Welsh, Moira; Bruser, David (May 28, 2010). "Staff say Ombudsman Andre Marins Office Plagued by Culture of Fear". Toronto Star. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  9. ^ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/tables-are-turned-as-ontario-ombudsmans-expenses-come-under-scrutiny/article1211354/
  10. ^ DiManno, Rosie (December 4, 2014). "Ontario Ombudsman Andre Marin's online tormentor detweeted under the Police". Toronto Star. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  11. ^ Artuso, Antonella (August 8, 2013). "Andre Marin ID's Twitter troll as Durham Police officer". Toronto Sun. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
  12. ^ O'Kruk, Amy (January 8, 2015). "Ontario ombudsman in Twitter feud with Western professors". The Gazette: Western's only daily newspaper since 1906. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  13. ^ "Ontario's Ombudsman Tweets Up a Storm!". Loon Canada. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  14. ^ Morrow, Adrian (November 28, 2014). "Ombuds turf war over bill breaks from political decorum". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
  15. ^ a b c "Lam v. Ontario Ombudsman, 2009 HRTO 1261". CanLII. CanLII. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  16. ^ a b c d "Foote v. Ombudsman (Ontario), 2008 HRTO 415". CanLII. CanLII. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  17. ^ a b c "Hutchinson v. Ombudsman Ontario, 2012 HRTO 1558". CanLII. CanLII. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  18. ^ a b c "Correia v. Ombudsman (Ontario), 2012 HRTO 501". CanLII. CanLII.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h "Jean-Pierre v. Office of the Ontario Ombudsman, 2013 HRTO 1884". CanLII. CanLII.
  20. ^ a b c d e "Sudac v. Office of the Ombudsman of Ontario, 2010 HRTO 1744". CanLII. CanLII. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  21. ^ a b c Bruser, David (July 11, 2010). "André Marin gave contracts to friend starting in 2001". Toronto Star. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  22. ^ http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/2010/05/28/politicians_support_marin_while_employee_discontent_continues_to_grow.html
  23. ^ http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/2010/06/02/andr_marin_left_dysfunction_and_discontent_as_military_ombud.html
  24. ^ http://www.canlii.org/en/on/onhrt/doc/2013/2013hrto1884/2013hrto1884.html?searchUrlHash=AAAAAQAVamVhbi1waWVycmUgb21idWRzbWFuAAAAAAE&resultIndex=3
  25. ^ http://www.canlii.org/en/on/onhrt/doc/2014/2014hrto1705/2014hrto1705.html?searchUrlHash=AAAAAQAVamVhbi1waWVycmUgb21idWRzbWFuAAAAAAE&resultIndex=2
  26. ^ a b Welsh, Moira; Bruser, David (June 3, 2010). "Marin's Mentor got Plum Contracts". Toronto Star. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  27. ^ "Public Sector Salary Disclosure 2011 (Disclosure for 2010) : Legislative Assembly and Ofices". Ontario Ministry of Finance. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  28. ^ a b c Ontario Press Council "Past Decisions". Ontario Press Council. Ontario Press Council. Retrieved February 1, 2015. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  29. ^ a b http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2011/01/21/press_council_rules_on_complaint_against_star.html
  30. ^ “Sammy Yatim: Ontario ombudsman to probe police guidelines in wake of shooting”, Toronto Star, August 8, 2013 http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/08/08/sammy_yatim_ontario_ombudsman_to_probe_police_guidelines_in_wake_of_shooting.html
  31. ^ Durham police say they’re in contact with officer who allegedly harassed Ontario ombudsman on Twitter”, August 9, 2013 http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/08/09/durham-police-say-theyre-in-contact-with-officer-who-allegedly-harrassed-ontario-ombudsman-on-twitter/
  32. ^ http://www.torontosun.com/2013/08/08/andre-marin-says-hes-been-threatened-by-durham-police-officer
  33. ^ http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/12/04/ontario_ombudsman_andre_marins_online_tormenter_detweeted_under_the_police_act.html
  34. ^ http://www.thestar.com/news/crime/2013/12/03/durham_officer_to_face_disciplinary_hearing_today_over_offensive_tweets_sent_to_ontarios_ombudsman.html
  35. ^ http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/09/13/ombudsman_exposes_tweeting_cop_and_slams_durham_force.html
  36. ^ http://www.citynews.ca/2013/08/28/ontario-ombud-apologizes-for-wrongly-accusing-cop-of-sending-offensive-tweets/
  37. ^ http://www.torontosun.com/2013/08/28/police-group-appalled-by-ombudsman-andre-marins-actions-in-twitter-troll-case
  38. ^ “Durham cop targeted in Twitter flag accepts ombudsman’s apology”, Whitby This Week, August 29, 2013.http://www.durhamregion.com/news-story/4055996-durham-cop-targeted-in-twitter-flap-accepts-ombudsman-s-apology/
  39. ^ http://www.ombudsman.on.ca/Make-a-Complaint/Complaint-Submission.aspx
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