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André Marin

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Ontario's sixth Ombudsman, André Marin

André Marin (born January 12, 1965) is a Canadian lawyer and Ombudsman. He was appointed as Ombudsman of Ontario by the Ontario Legislative Assembly on April 1, 2005 and was reappointed on June 1, 2010 to a second five-year term. Before 2005, he was the first Ombudsman for the Canadian Armed Forces[1] and Director of the Ontario Special Investigations Unit. In the 2009 book Provincial and Territorial Ombudsman Offices in Canada, academics Stewart Hyson and Gary Munro describe him as “the model for Ombudsmanship in Canada." [2]

Early career

After graduating with civil and common law degrees from the University of Ottawa's National Program,[3] Marin worked as an assistant Crown attorney and part-time professor of law in Ottawa, Canada until 1996. From September 1996 to June 1998, he was Director of Ontario’s Special Investigations Unit (SIU), Canada’s only independent civilian agency for investigating incidents in which police officers have caused serious injury or death.[4]

In June 1998, Marin became Canada’s first military Ombudsman, responsible for the investigation of complaints from members of the Canadian forces. He created the “Special Ombudsman Response Team” (SORT) for investigating broad systemic issues, such as post-traumatic stress disorder among soldiers, compensation for the families of soldiers who are killed or wounded, and chemical agent testing during World War II.[5]

Ontario Ombudsman

Marin is the sixth Ontario Ombudsman since 1975 and the first to be reappointed. He reorganized the office to handle some 27,000 individual public complaints and inquiries as well as about half a dozen major systemic investigations each year. His "Special Ombudsman Response Team" (SORT) — a team of investigators who conduct large-scale field investigations into high-profile, complex issues — has raised the public profile of the Toronto-based Office of the Ombudsman and led to government reforms affecting millions of Ontarians.[6] SORT investigations have prompted major overhauls of, among other things, the province’s procedures for newborn screening, its property tax assessment system, funding for the disabled and special-needs children, out-of-country medical treatment, crime victim compensation, legal aid and the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation.[7]

Marin’s direct language, his investigation model and his promotion of technology and transparency have “reinvigorated the Ombudsman idea in Canada” and “set a standard for the rest of the country,” authors Hyson and Munro state in Provincial and Territorial Ombudsman Offices in Canada.[8] They note that since Marin’s appointment, “the Ontario Ombudsman has had a very high public profile that has generated considerable news coverage because the office has fulfilled its role expectations like never before. Marin has often been sharply critical of government; even so, the government has generally accepted his recommendations.”[9] Marin coined the term “rulitis” to describe a government bureaucracy’s slavish adherence to rules at the expense of common sense.[10]

Marin has also advocated for greater openness and transparency in government,[11] and made his office the first in Canada to introduce social media and a web app as tools for communicating with the public.[12]

In May 2007, Marin was elected to a two-year term as President of the Forum of Canadian Ombudsman, representing public and private ombudsmen across the country. He also served as North American Regional Vice-President of the International Ombudsman Institute[13] from 2005 to 2012, and he is a member of the board of directors of the Association des Ombudsmans et Médiateurs de la francophonie (francophone ombudsman association).[14]

Marin also shares his office’s expertise with other oversight agencies across Canada and around the world. Since 2007, he has conducted an annual training course in Toronto called “Sharpening Your Teeth: Advanced Training for Administrative Watchdogs”, which has been attended by several hundred administrative investigators and ombudsmen from Canadian federal and provincial agencies, U.S. states and federal departments, as well as from across Europe, the Caribbean, Australia, South America and Asia.[15] The course has also been delivered at the International Ombudsman Institute headquarters in Vienna, Austria and by invitation in many other countries, always on a complete cost-recovery basis.[16]

Ontario Ombudsman mandate

Like all of his predecessors since 1975, Marin has advocated to have the Ombudsman’s mandate extended to key areas of the public sector that are outside his jurisdiction, although they are funded by provincial tax dollars: This is the so-called MUSH sector, comprising Municipalities, Universities, School Boards and Hospitals, as well as long-term care facilities, children’s aid societies and police. For years, Ontario has lagged behind all other provinces in Canada in Ombudsman oversight of these areas; as mentioned in Hyson and Munro's text, "...the Ontario Ombudsman stands out as having the most limited range of activities among Canadian Ombudsmen… This has been a constant source of frustration for office holders over the years."[17] In his annual reports, Marin summarizes the hundreds of complaints that his office turns away every year from people who have had serious problems with these institutions.[18]

In December 2014, the provincial legislature passed a law giving the Office of the Ontario Ombudsman oversight of municipalities, universities, and school boards (Bill 8, Public Sector and MPP Accountability and Transparency Act, 2014). The law was passed, but the portions affecting the Ombudsman's mandate have not yet been proclaimed in force.[19] Marin noted in a press release that the expansion "will double the agencies his office oversees by adding some 548 bodies (443 municipalities, 22 universities, 83 school boards) to the 500-plus provincial ministries, agencies, boards, corporations, commissions and tribunals already within his mandate." [20]

Previously, in January 2008, the office’s mandate was narrowly extended to include responsibility for enforcing the provincial law requiring municipal meetings to be open to the public. The Municipal Act designates the Ombudsman as the investigator for public complaints about closed meetings in all municipalities that have not appointed their own investigators – approximately 200 of Ontario’s 445 municipalities. To meet this responsibility, Marin created a team in the Ombudsman’s Office in called OMLET – the Open Meeting Law Enforcement Team.[21]

In October 2008, Marin published The Sunshine Law Handbook: Open Municipal Meetings in Ontario to assist municipal officials and the public in their awareness and interpretation of the requirements. The Handbook is distributed to every municipal councillor and clerk in the province and is also available to the public. (Subsequent editions were published in 2009 and 2015.) Results of OMLET investigations are made public by the relevant municipalities and on the Ombudsman's website.[22]

Controversies Under Marin's Mandate

The current Ombudsman, Andre Marin, has been the subject of a number of public controversies during his tenure. These have ranged from his high-profile investigations to his management style, his office expenses and use of Twitter.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29] In 2010, Toronto Star (the Star) reporters David Bruser and Moira Welsh investigated human rights and labour complaints by Ombudsman staff under Marin’s tenure [23][30][31][32][33][34][35] and his awarding of contracts to law professor and now Ontario Court Justice, David Paciocco.[36]

Human rights and labour complaints

In late May 2010, the Toronto Star published a series of articles based on interviews with several unnamed sources identified as past and present Ombudsman employees - as well as three who gave their names - who alleged that Marin instituted a “culture of fear” in the workplace upon taking over as Ontario Ombudsman. It also reported some employees had filed complaints with the Ontario Human Rights Tribunal(OHRT). Employees alleged systematic bullying, harassment and in some cases, racism.[23][30][31][32][33][35] Some also alleged there were bizarre rules prohibiting them from using the hallway in front of Marin's office, speaking to Marin unless spoken to first, and displaying personal photos in their workspaces. [23] Other allegations concerned sexism and ageism. All of these allegations were denied by Marin, as well as a current employee interviewed by the Star, and NDP MPP Peter Kormos, who visited the Ombudsman's office the day the story was published and told media he saw diverse employees and many personal photos on display. [37]

By 2010, the Ombudsman’s office, a fairness office that reports directly to the Ontario Legislature, had five simultaneous and active complaints against it filed by employees with the Ontario Human Rights Tribunal(OHRT).[23][30][31][32][33][35] Marin was named in one complaint, which was dismissed in August 2010. [35] The tribunal has not made any findings against the Ombudsman's office.

The sources quoted by the Star estimated that at least 10 former employees have been “bought out” and “gagged” from speaking about their negative experiences and received payments from Marin’s office.[23] The Star also reported that the employees' union retained a labour investigator, but noted neither she nor the union would comment on whether an investigation was conducted.[23] On June 3, 2010, the Star reported that a report done after Marin left his post as Ombudsman for the Canadian Forces in 2005 found that he left a dysfunctional workplace in his wake, rife with complaints and 150 staff departures.[38]

"Slave Auction" poster

In 2012, another OHRT complaint was filed by the former front desk receptionist, who is black and of Haitian/African-Canadian descent. She alleged racial discrimination and a methodical pattern of harassment and intimidation, culminating in two main events.[34]She claimed that in 2010, a white manager, knowing she had concerns for family in Haiti following the 2010 Haiti earthquake, purposefully made hurtful and untrue comments intended to harass her based on her ethnic origin, by saying he was planning a cruise with a “pit stop in Haiti … but not where all that cholera stuff is going on.”[34]The Tribunal dismissed this claim in November 2013, stating that a "mere statement that one is not going to the parts of Haiti where there is cholera raises no connection to a (Human Rights) Code ground." [39]

The second allegation surrounded a poster that was e-mailed to all Ombudsman employees and also physically placed around the office, including the reception desk where the employee worked, about a "silent auction" charity event.[34]It included a cartoon of a group of white men waiving paper money, accompanied by a poem that included the suggestion that staff could auction themselves as a “slave for a day” to raise money for charity.[34] The poster was created by the employees’ social committee, which was entirely white and included a member of the Ombudsman's senior management team, senior legal counsel Wendy Ray, who has been personally named in a number of human rights and discrimination cases against the office.[31][34][35]Following complaints from other black employees, the poster was revised and “slave for a day” was replaced with “gofer for a day.” The employee complained that despite this, a copy of the original offending poster was left on her desk, and that the author of the poem later escalated the situation by sending an email that said, in part: "why anyone would take offense is BEYOND ME and if you can’t see that, then you clearly have ISSUES (…) And if this email makes you even more mad and offended, TOO BAD!!!![34] At the OHRT, the ex-employee and author of the email claimed that it involved a completely unrelated dispute among social committee members.[40] The complainant alleged these incidents were part of a continuing pattern of systemic discrimination she had been subjected to while employed at the Ontario Ombudsman. She also alleged that as result of her complaint, she was subjected to serious reprisals by management and eventually forced out of her job.[34]

David Paciocco contracts

In June and July 2010, the Toronto Star published two articles reporting that that over his 12 years as the Ontario Ombudsman and Ombudsman for the Canadian Military, Marin awarded consulting contracts worth almost a quarter of a million dollars to Ottawa law professor David Paciocco.[36][41] At the time, Marin’s salary was at $215,000.[42] The articles cited federal documents showing $84,000 was paid to Paciocco between 2001 and 2005 and $141,000 after 2005. The Star described Paciocco as Marin's "good friend" (although Marin's office said they had no personal relationship) and cited unnamed sources alleging that Paciocco was hired to "spice up" Marin's reports (while Marin's office said he was hired for his legal expertise, for which tendering is not required). The Star quoted comments that Paciocco made about Marin in a speech at a public dinner the previous year:

I have known him since he was a boy’s head sticking out of a man’s suit. I have known and worked with André Marin for more some 20 years - which happens to be his entire professional career... I like to think that Andre fancied me as something of his mentor.[36][41]

As a result of the Star article series, Marin and Paciocco made the first Ontario Press Council challenge to the “permissible limits of investigative journalism” in its 38-year history.[43] They disputed many of the allegations from the Star's unnamed sources and argued that the articles were unbalanced. In its January 2011 decision,[43]the Press Council upheld Paciocco's complaint and aspects of Marin's, requiring the Star to publish this fact on its website. The council noted that it was not in a position to determine whether or not the facts in the articles were correct, although it found no obvious factual errors in the stories. However, it stated that the articles gave "greater prominence to the allegations against Mr. Marin than to his denials," [44]and that "the vague assertions by an anonymous source, the excerpts from a speech given by Mr. Paciocco and the results of the Star’s subsequent investigation into the fees paid to Mr. Paciocco do not justify the derogatory inferences that the two stories contain."[45]The Council also stated:

...that while the articles, on balance, gave greater prominence to the allegations against Marin than to the denials, there were no obvious factual errors contained in the stories and that “no aspect of the complainant’s defense went unreported.[43]

Durham police tweets

On August 8, 2013, the Ombudsman’s Office announced an investigation into how the provincial government directs police to deal with de-escalating crisis situations, in the wake of the police shooting death of 18-year-old Sammy Yatim on a Toronto streetcar.[46]

Before the 11 a.m. press conference, Marin was tweeted at multiple times by a Twitter user whose bio said “only goal in life: expose Andre Marin for the leach on society he is”. The user, @JoeyMayo12 (account since deleted), tweeted: “@Ont_Ombudsman is a carded member of Al Qaida” and “@Ont_Ombudsman YOU SIR ARE A COMPLETE DOUCHE BAG! Why don’t you stick your big french nose up your ass instead of business it doesnt belong”.[47] Marin tweeted that the account was linked to the name and badge number of an officer with the Durham Regional Police Service, whom he identified publicly.[48]

Durham police’s professional standards branch investigated and determined that another officer, Detective Jeff Caplan from the force’s major fraud unit, actually created the account, impersonating his colleague.

Caplan pleaded guilty to charges of discreditable conduct under the Police Services Act and was demoted for nine months after a hearing in December 2013.[49] He was also ordered to undergo training on workplace harassment.[50]

Caplan apologized to his colleague and Marin in September 2013. The Ombudsman met with him in person and accepted Caplan's apology.[51]

The Ombudsman faced criticism for initially naming the wrong officer.[52] He apologized, both publicly and one-on-one, to the officer,[53] and the officer accepted his apology.[54]

Awards

In 2009, Marin was awarded the Ontario Bar Association’s Tom Marshall Award of Excellence, which, according to the Ontario Bar Association’s website, was “established to recognize, honour, and celebrate the outstanding achievement of lawyers practising in the province of Ontario in the public interest”.[55]

In 2011, he was awarded the Order of Merit by the Civil Law Section of the University of Ottawa's Faculty of Law. The University of Ottawa’s website states that the award is the Civil Law Section’s highest alumni distinction, recognizing alumni who have made remarkable contributions to the legal profession.[56] Also in 2011, he received the highest alumni honour of the Carleton University Alumni Association, the A.D. Dunton Alumni Award of Distinction.[57]

In 2012, Marin was awarded the Canadian Bar Association's John Tait Award of Excellence, a national award which recognized that his “unwavering commitment to public service, his advocacy skills and legal acumen distinguish him as an outstanding legal professional,” according to CBA President Trinda L. Ernst.[58] He was also named as an inductee for the 2012 class of the University of Ottawa Faculty of Law’s Common Law Honour Society.[59] As well, he was given the Ontario Bar Association's Award for Distinguished Service in early 2012. The Ontario Bar Association said in a statement, "In a vocation like law, there are countless members of the bar whose contributions to justice are exceptional and worthy of recognition. Each year, the OBA asks lawyers to nominate colleagues for the OBA Award for Distinguished Service whose deserve recognition for their career contributions and achievements to the legal profession, jurisprudence, development of the law or a significant law-related benefit to the residents of Ontario." [60] In October 2012, Marin also received an award for achievement in oversight by the U.S.-based National Association for Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement (NACOLE).[61]

In 2013, Marin was named one of Canadian Lawyer magazine's top 25 most influential Canadian lawyers. The magazine stated “Many Ontarians have come to see Marin as an honest and tenacious advocate who has been effective in pushing the boundaries to ensure they are treated fairly and their tax dollars are not wasted." [62] He was also named one of Toronto Life magazine's top 50 most influential Torontonians as "a tireless advocate for transparent, effective government and a champion of the so-called little guy".[63] He was named to the list again in 2014,[64] as a “highly reputable and responsive” official who “listens to the people” and takes action against “unfair policies” by Ontario government agencies.[65]

References

  1. ^ Canadian Who’s Who 2011. Orillia: Third Sector Publishing. 2011. p. 792. ISBN 978-0-921173-27-4.
  2. ^ Hyson, Stewart, ed. (2009). Provincial and Territorial Ombudsman Offices in Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-4426-4067-2.
  3. ^ See the University of Ottawa's website, which lists Marin's degrees. http://www.droitcivil.uottawa.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2303&lang=fr
  4. ^ Website of the Ontario Special Investigations Unit. http://www.siu.on.ca/en/index.php
  5. ^ See, for example, reports "The Way Forward" and "Systemic Treatment of CF Members with PTSD": http://www.ombudsman.forces.gc.ca/rep-rap/sr-rs/index-eng.asp
  6. ^ “Ontario Ombudsman on winning streak,” The Globe and Mail, March 27, 2007.
  7. ^ “We’re lucky to have André Marin on our side,” Toronto Sun, March 9, 2008.
  8. ^ Hyson, Stewart, ed. (2009). Provincial and Territorial Ombudsman Offices in Canada. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-4067-2.
  9. ^ Hyson, Stewart, ed. (2009). Provincial and Territorial Ombudsman Offices in Canada. University of Toronto Press. pp. 189, 199. ISBN 978-1-4426-4067-2.
  10. ^ “Ontario’s Ombudsman uses moral suasion to push accountability and the public interest,” Professionally Speaking (Ontario College of Teachers), September 2011. http://professionallyspeaking.oct.ca/september_2011/go/annual_members_meeting.aspx
  11. ^ “Ontario must get with the times on transparency, watchdog says,” Globe and Mail, June 21, 2011.
  12. ^ “Ombud opens door to complaints via social media,” Law Times, August 22, 2011.
  13. ^ Website of the International Ombudsman Institute, http://www.theioi.org/the-i-o-i/structure
  14. ^ Website of L’Association des Ombudsmans et des Médiateurs de la Francophonie, http://www.aomf-ombudsmans-francophonie.org/l-aomf/role-et-missions_fr_000001.html
  15. ^ “Public Protector gets help from Ombudsman of Ontario, Canada (news release, South Africa Public Protector): http://www.pprotect.org/media_gallery/2011/22082011.asp
  16. ^ “International Ombudsman Institute ‘Sharpening Your Teeth,’ (news release, Gibraltar Public Services Ombudsman): http://www.ombudsman.org.gi/announcements/the-international-ombudsman-institute-sharpening-your-teeth
  17. ^ Hyson, Stewart, ed. (2009). Provincial and Territorial Ombudsman Offices in Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-4426-4067-2.
  18. ^ “Why Ontario’s Ombudsman needs to go to school,” Toronto Sun, May 3, 2011: http://www.londonabc.ca/pdf/articles/2011-torontosun-may3.pdf
  19. ^ "Bill 8", Legislative Assembly of Ontario, http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/bills/bills_detail.do?locale=en&Intranet&BillID=3000
  20. ^ http://www.ombudsman.on.ca/Newsroom/Press-Release/2014/Ontario-Ombudsman-welcomes-historic-expansion-of-m.aspx
  21. ^ Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing: http://www.mah.gov.on.ca/Page7089.aspx
  22. ^ Ombudsman Ontario website, Municipal Meetings section, http://www.ombudsman.on.ca/Investigations/Municipal-Meetings.aspx
  23. ^ a b c d e f g Welsh, Moira; Bruser, David (May 28, 2010). "Staff say Ombudsman Andre Marins Office Plagued by Culture of Fear". Toronto Star. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  24. ^ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/tables-are-turned-as-ontario-ombudsmans-expenses-come-under-scrutiny/article1211354/
  25. ^ DiManno, Rosie (December 4, 2014). "Ontario Ombudsman Andre Marin's online tormentor detweeted under the Police". Toronto Star. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  26. ^ Artuso, Antonella (August 8, 2013). "Andre Marin ID's Twitter troll as Durham Police officer". Toronto Sun. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
  27. ^ O'Kruk, Amy (January 8, 2015). "Ontario ombudsman in Twitter feud with Western professors". The Gazette: Western's only daily newspaper since 1906. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  28. ^ "Ontario's Ombudsman Tweets Up a Storm!". Loon Canada. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  29. ^ Morrow, Adrian (November 28, 2014). "Ombuds turf war over bill breaks from political decorum". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
  30. ^ a b c "Lam v. Ontario Ombudsman, 2009 HRTO 1261". CanLII. CanLII. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  31. ^ a b c d "Foote v. Ombudsman (Ontario), 2008 HRTO 415". CanLII. CanLII. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  32. ^ a b c "Hutchinson v. Ombudsman Ontario, 2012 HRTO 1558". CanLII. CanLII. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  33. ^ a b c "Correia v. Ombudsman (Ontario), 2012 HRTO 501". CanLII. CanLII.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h "Jean-Pierre v. Office of the Ontario Ombudsman, 2013 HRTO 1884". CanLII. CanLII.
  35. ^ a b c d e "Sudac v. Office of the Ombudsman of Ontario, 2010 HRTO 1744". CanLII. CanLII. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  36. ^ a b c Bruser, David (July 11, 2010). "André Marin gave contracts to friend starting in 2001". Toronto Star. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  37. ^ http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/2010/05/28/politicians_support_marin_while_employee_discontent_continues_to_grow.html
  38. ^ http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/2010/06/02/andr_marin_left_dysfunction_and_discontent_as_military_ombud.html
  39. ^ http://www.canlii.org/en/on/onhrt/doc/2013/2013hrto1884/2013hrto1884.html?searchUrlHash=AAAAAQAVamVhbi1waWVycmUgb21idWRzbWFuAAAAAAE&resultIndex=3
  40. ^ http://www.canlii.org/en/on/onhrt/doc/2014/2014hrto1705/2014hrto1705.html?searchUrlHash=AAAAAQAVamVhbi1waWVycmUgb21idWRzbWFuAAAAAAE&resultIndex=2
  41. ^ a b Welsh, Moira; Bruser, David (June 3, 2010). "Marin's Mentor got Plum Contracts". Toronto Star. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  42. ^ "Public Sector Salary Disclosure 2011 (Disclosure for 2010) : Legislative Assembly and Ofices". Ontario Ministry of Finance. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  43. ^ a b c Ontario Press Council "Past Decisions". Ontario Press Council. Ontario Press Council. Retrieved February 1, 2015. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  44. ^ http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2011/01/21/press_council_rules_on_complaint_against_star.html
  45. ^ http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2011/01/21/press_council_rules_on_complaint_against_star.html
  46. ^ “Sammy Yatim: Ontario ombudsman to probe police guidelines in wake of shooting”, Toronto Star, August 8, 2013 http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/08/08/sammy_yatim_ontario_ombudsman_to_probe_police_guidelines_in_wake_of_shooting.html
  47. ^ Durham police say they’re in contact with officer who allegedly harassed Ontario ombudsman on Twitter”, August 9, 2013 http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/08/09/durham-police-say-theyre-in-contact-with-officer-who-allegedly-harrassed-ontario-ombudsman-on-twitter/
  48. ^ http://www.torontosun.com/2013/08/08/andre-marin-says-hes-been-threatened-by-durham-police-officer
  49. ^ http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/12/04/ontario_ombudsman_andre_marins_online_tormenter_detweeted_under_the_police_act.html
  50. ^ http://www.thestar.com/news/crime/2013/12/03/durham_officer_to_face_disciplinary_hearing_today_over_offensive_tweets_sent_to_ontarios_ombudsman.html
  51. ^ http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/09/13/ombudsman_exposes_tweeting_cop_and_slams_durham_force.html
  52. ^ http://www.citynews.ca/2013/08/28/ontario-ombud-apologizes-for-wrongly-accusing-cop-of-sending-offensive-tweets/
  53. ^ http://www.torontosun.com/2013/08/28/police-group-appalled-by-ombudsman-andre-marins-actions-in-twitter-troll-case
  54. ^ “Durham cop targeted in Twitter flag accepts ombudsman’s apology”, Whitby This Week, August 29, 2013.http://www.durhamregion.com/news-story/4055996-durham-cop-targeted-in-twitter-flap-accepts-ombudsman-s-apology/
  55. ^ “Ontario Ombudsman André Marin receives award of excellence” - http://www.droitcivil.uottawa.ca/index.php?option=com_content&Itemid=115&id=1510&task=view&lang=en
  56. ^ Article on the University of Ottawa's website: "Une contribution exemplaire" http://www.droitcivil.uottawa.ca/fr/nouvelles/nouvelles-de-la-faculte/une-contribution-de-chien.html
  57. ^ Website of the Carleton University Alumni Association, https://advancement.carleton.ca/events/regional_worldwide.htm?clearRegCmd=true&dc=registration&eventId=455
  58. ^ http://www.ombudsman.on.ca/Newsroom/Press-Release/2012/Ombudsman-Andre-Marin-to-be-honoured-with-Canadian.aspx
  59. ^ http://www.ombudsman.on.ca/Newsroom/Press-Release/2012/Ombudsman-Andre-Marin-to-receive-University-of-Ott.aspx?lang=en-CA
  60. ^ http://www.oba.org/En/News/Main/NewsDetails.aspx?no=NEWS03282012-151-1E
  61. ^ http://www.ombudsman.on.ca/Newsroom/Press-Release/2012/Ontario-Ombudsman-honoured-for-police-oversight-wo.aspx
  62. ^ http://www.canadianlawyermag.com/4750/The-Top-25-Most-Influential/Page-5.html
  63. ^ http://www.ombudsman.on.ca/Newsroom/Press-Release/2013/Ontario-Ombudsman-Andre-Marin-one-of-Torontos-mos.aspx
  64. ^ http://www.canadianlawyermag.com/5220/The-Top-25-Most-Influential/Page-3.html
  65. ^ http://www.ombudsman.on.ca/Newsroom/Press-Release/2014/Ontario-Ombudsman-Andre-Marin-named-one-of--Canada.aspx
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1996–1998 		Succeeded by

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