User:Toploftical/Workpage 1

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Institute for Advanced Study page revisions

Purpose of the Institute

quote the passage below

Part of Faraday’s sentiment was on display at the Nobel Week Dialogue session on the value of basic, unhurried, aimless, curiosity-driven scientific research to humanity. Appropriately chairing the session was Robert Dijkgraaf, director of the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton. The IAS was set up in 1933 by Abraham Flexner, a far-thinking educator and reformer, with the explicit purpose of providing a heaven for the world’s purest thinkers that was free of teaching, administrative duties and the myriad interferences of the modern university. Funds came from the wealthy Bamberger family who did the world a favor by switching their monetary support from a medical school to the institute. Flexner’s paean to unadulterated pure thought was duly enshrined in the institute’s founding by an invitation to Albert Einstein to serve as its first permanent member in 1933; other intellectual giants including John von Neumann, Herman Weyl and Kurt Gödel followed suit, finding a safe refuge from a continent which seemed to have gone half-mad. Over the next eight decades the institute produced scores of leading thinkers and writers, many of whom have inaugurated new fields of science and been associated with prestigious prizes like the Nobel Prize and the Fields Medal.[1]

Endowments

hidden lists of faculty people at the IAS

past people?

Alexander Alföldi Allen Atiyah Aydelotte Bahcall Beurling Bois Bombieri Borel Bourgain Bowersock Bynum Caffarelli Chaniotis Cherniss Clagett Constable Crone Cutileiro Dashen Deligne Di Cosmo Dijkgraaf Earle Einstein Elliott Fassin Flexner Geary Geertz Gilbert Gilliam Gödel Goldberger Goldman Grabar Griffiths Habicht Harish-Chandra Herzfeld Hirschman Hofer Hörmander Hut Israel Kantorowicz Kaysen Kennan Langlands Lavin Lee Lowe MacPherson Margalit Maskin Matlock Meiss Meritt Milnor Mitrany Montgomery Morse Oppenheimer Pais Panofsky Paret Regge Riefler Rodrik Rosenbluth Sarnak Scott Seiberg Setton Siegel Spencer Stewart Strömgren Taylor Thompson Varnedoe Veblen Voevodsky von Neumann von Staden Walzer Warren Weil Weyl White Whitney Wigderson Wilczek Woodward Woolf Yang Yau

SEE Noted Figures at IAS

PAST FACULTY

MICHAEL F. ATIYAH HAROLD F. CHERNISS JOSÉ CUTILEIRO ROGER F. DASHEN EDWARD M. EARLE FELIX GILBERT JAMES F. GILLIAM HARISH-CHANDRA ELIAS A. LOWE MILLARD MEISS BENJAMIN D. MERITT WINFIELD W. RIEFLER KENNETH M. SETTON WALTER W. STEWART ROBERT B. WARREN ERNEST LLEWELLYN WOODWARD

Category:Institute for Advanced Study faculty

Faculty as listed in Category-Institute for Advanced Study faculty (97 people)

MASTER LIST MASTER LIST MASTER LIST MASTER LIST MASTER LIST MASTER LIST MASTER LIST MASTER LIST

  • A
  • Nadia Abu El Haj
  • Stephen L. Adler
  • Abraham Adrian Albert
  • Charles R. Alcock
  • James Waddell Alexander II
  • Danielle Allen
  • David Apter
  • Nima Arkani-Hamed
  • B
  • John N. Bahcall (1971-)
  • Nils Aall Barricelli
  • Arne Beurling
  • Yve-Alain Bois
  • Enrico Bombieri
  • Armand Borel
  • Jean Bourgain
  • Glen Bowersock
  • Glen Bredon
  • Caroline Bynum
  • C
  • Luis Caffarelli
  • Amiya Chakravarty
  • Shiing-Shen Chern
  • Marshall Clagett
  • Patricia Crone
  • D
  • Pierre Deligne
  • Freeman Dyson
  • E
  • Albert Einstein
  • John Elliott (historian)
  • G
  • Patrick J. Geary
  • Clifford Geertz
  • Bruce Gilchrist
  • Peter Goddard (physicist)
  • Kurt Gödel
  • Dorian M. Goldfeld
  • Hetty Goldman
  • Peter Goldreich
  • Herman Goldstine
  • Oleg Grabar
  • Ivor Grattan-Guinness
  • Phillip Griffiths
  • H
  • Ernst Herzfeld
  • Albert Otto Hirschman
  • Helmut Hofer
  • Lars Hörmander
  • Simon Hornblower
  • I
  • Fred Inglis
  • Jonathan Israel
  • J
  • Mark Jarzombek
  • K
  • Ernst Kantorowicz
  • Linda Keen
  • George F. Kennan
  • L
  • Robert Langlands
  • Tsung-Dao Lee
  • Bernard Lewis
  • M
  • Robert MacPherson (mathematician)
  • Juan Martín Maldacena
  • Avishai Margalit
  • Eric Maskin
  • Jack F. Matlock, Jr.
  • John Milnor
  • David Mitrany
  • Deane Montgomery
  • Marston Morse
  • O
  • J. Robert Oppenheimer
  • P
  • Abraham Pais
  • Erwin Panofsky
  • Peter Paret
  • Wolfgang Pauli
  • Chaim L. Pekeris
  • Bruno Perreau
  • Boris Podolsky
  • Florian Pop
  • R
  • Tullio Regge
  • Marshall Rosenbluth
  • S
  • Peter Sarnak
  • Paul L. Schechter
  • Joan Wallach Scott
  • Nathan Seiberg
  • Atle Selberg
  • Carl Ludwig Siegel
  • Bengt Strömgren
  • T
  • Homer Thompson
  • Scott Tremaine
  • V
  • Kirk Varnedoe
  • Oswald Veblen
  • Vladimir Voevodsky
  • John von Neumann
  • W
  • Michael Walzer
  • André Weil
  • Hermann Weyl
  • Morton White
  • Hassler Whitney
  • Avi Wigderson
  • Frank Wilczek
  • Norman Winarsky
  • Edward Witten
  • Y
  • Chen-Ning Yang
  • Shing-Tung Yau

Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques

In 1955 the industrialist and mathematician Leon Motchane, inspired by the work of the brilliant young mathematian Alexander Grothendieck, decided to fund a research institute modeled on the Institute for Advanced Study, the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques in Bures-sur-Yvette The new institute was especially designed to be a place for Grothendieck to work.[2]

Early computers

paragraphs from the IAS blue book Electronic Computer Project

In the spring of 1945, von Neumann drafted a document that described the logical structure of a desired high-speed automatic digital computing system powerful enough to solve complex mathematical problems, such as non linear partial differential equations. Von Neumann's logical schema served as the basis for subsequent stored-program computers. In identifying the organs required as those relating to arithmetic, memory, control, and input and output devices, subsequently known as von Neumann Architecture, he laid down the basic schema of the modern computer.

In keeping with the spirit of academic enquiry, von Neumann was determined that advances be kept in the public domain. ECP progress reports were widely disseminated. As a consequence, the project had widespread influence. Copies of the IAS machine appeared nationally: AVIDAC at Argonne National Laboratory; ILLIAC at the University of Illinois; JOHNNIAC at RAND Corporation; MANIAC at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; ORACLE at Oak Ridge National Laboratory; ORDVAC at Aberdeen Proving Grounds; and internationally: BESK in Stockholm; BESM in Moscow; DASK in Denmark; PERM in Munich; SILLIAC in Sydney; and WEIZAC in Rehovoth, to mention a few. In some cases (Argonne's Version of the Institute's Digital Automatic Computer (AVIDAC) and MANIAC at Los Alamos), because they benefited from the pioneering work of the Institute's prototype, copies were completed before the IAS machine was finished.

It was von Neumann's intent (succeeding beyond anyone's wildest dreams) that the computer developed at the Institute would be replicated around the world. Bigelow helped ensure not only that the computer got built, but that its design (and the explosion of software that followed) was disseminated through detailed progress reports and constant personnel exchanges for which the facilities and academic traditions of the Institute were ideal.

other sources
  • William Aspray wrote: John von Neumann and the Origins of Modern Computing
the WP article Julian Bigelow
  • The computer Bigelow built following von Neumann's design is called the IAS machine, although it was also called the MANIAC, a name that was later transferred to the successful clone of this machine at Los Alamos.
  • Nearly all general-purpose computers subsequently built are recognizable as influenced by the IAS machine's design.
the WP article IAS machine
  • The computer was built from late 1945 until 1951 under von Neumann's direction.
  • The general organization is called Von Neumann architecture, even though it was both conceived and implemented by others.
A Brief History of Computing by Jack Copeland
  • The IAS machine was a strong influence on the IBM 701 which became the first mass-produced electronic stored-program computer.
  • von Neumann emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing, including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running (for example, in order to control loops and branching). Turing's paper of 1936 ('On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem') was required reading for members of von Neumann's post-war computer project at the Institute for Advanced Study.
  • Dyson, George: Turing's Cathedral, The Origins of the Digital Universe, Pantheon Books 2012 ISBN 9780375422775
  • review of Turing's Cathedral[3]

various disorganized notes

Flexner's 1939 essay[4]

IAS copy of the essay in PDF format can be found here :

This post was first published on the Nobel Week Dialogue blog.[1]

Pursuit of Genius

Batterson's detailed rendition of Abraham Flexner's negotiations with a number of the most eminent mathematicians of the 1930s will delight anyone who has ever served on a faculty search committee. Despite some reversals, Flexner successfully recruited Albert Einstein, Oswald Veblen, Hermann Weyl and John von Neumann, all Europeans, and James W. Alexander and Marston Morse, both Americans. Batterson includes descriptions of each man's achievements and importance to the field of mathematics, as well as the social context in which recruitment activities took place, including rising anti- Semitism in Germany, and anti-Semitism in the United States, including Princeton."" -Sarah Boslaugh, MAA Reviews, October 2006 “The book is based primarily on a meticulous study of the institute’s documentary records … Batterson tells a fascinating story …” -John Stachel, NATURE, January 2007 ""Pursuit of Genius is a night-table book, an enjoyable read . . . The book is a story, not a history . . . Many will enjoy reading the connections between the Institute and mathematicians, such as George Birkhoff, Einstein, Kurt Godel, Felix Klein, John von Neumann and Hermann Weyl."" -Donald Cook, Mathematiacl Reviews, May 2007 ""This is the best book that has yet been written about the Institute … The history of the first nine years is unexpectedly melodramatic, full of quarrels and misunderstandings, power struggles and deceptions."" -Freeman Dyson, IAS, June 2007 ""This interesting book ... shows the life and scientific activities and contributions of intellectual leaders from the institute as well as political, economic, and personal situations, conflicts, and intrigues that influenced and determined the future of the institute ... The book can be recommended to anyone who is interested in mathematics and its history."" -EMS, November 2007

Institute for Advanced Study occupies a unique position among institutions of higher learning. An account of its early years is long overdue, so the appearance of the present volume, during the 75th anniversary of the Institute's rounding, is most welcome. Batterson has mined the Institute's archives lo provide a detailed and unvarnished account of the backstage conflicts and intrigue that attended the Institute's growth and determined its future. Those unfamiliar with the Institute will learn how one man's vision shaped a couple's philanthropy and created a haven for scholars in the midst of the Great Depression. Equally, those who have had the privilege of lnstitute membership will enhance their appreciation of the intellectual leaders who made their own Institute experiences possible."" -L'Enseignement Mathématique, October 2006"

other stuff

  • Who Got Einstein's Office?: Eccentricity and Genius at the Institute for Advanced Study, published 1987 by Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-12065-8

A Community of Scholars: Impressions of the Institute for Advanced Study by Institute for Advanced Study, Serge J-F. Levy, Michael Francis Atiyah and Chantal David (Nov 7, 2011)

References

  1. ^ a b Ich probiere: Revisiting Abraham Flexners dream of the useful pursuit of useless knowledge By Ashutosh Jogalekar, Scientific American, December 12, 2013
  2. ^ Alexander Grothendieck Obituary Le Monde, November 11, 2014
  3. ^ review of Turing's Cathedral by William Poundstone New York Times, May 4, 2012
  4. ^ The usefulness of useless knowledge by Abraham Flexner, Harper's Magazine, October 1939,

Martin Gardner page revisions

Every Saturday a group of conjurers would gather in a restaurant in lower Manhattan. "There would be 50 magicians or so, all doing magic tricks," Gardner reminisces. One of them intrigued him with a so-called hexaflexagon—a strip of paper folded into a hexagon, which turns inside out when two sides are pinched. Fascinated, Gardner drove to Princeton, where graduate students invented it. (A magician also played a pivotal role in another major step in Gardner's life: he introduced Gardner to his future wife, Charlotte.)

Having sold a piece on logic machines to Scientific American a few years prior (which, incidentally, included a cardboard cutout), he approached the magazine with an article on flexagons. "Gerry Piel called me in and asked, 'Is there enough material similar to this to make a regular column?' I said I thought there was, and he said to turn one in," Gardner recalls

  • Some of the brilliant people whom Martin linked together were the statistician/magician Persi Diaconis, the Uri Geller–debunker and psychologist Ray Hyman, the mathematician/logician/musician/magician Raymond Smullyan, the magician and pseudoscience-fighter James Randi
  • John H. Conway, whose “Game of Life” was the basis for a landmark October 1970 column, says, “Martin Gardner was the most learned man I have ever met.
  • RSA numbers received widespread attention when a 129-digit number known as RSA-129 was used by Ron Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman to publish one of the first public-key messages together with a $100 reward for the message's decryption (Gardner 1977). RSA (cryptosystem)
  • The most famous of the public key cryptosystem is RSA which is named after its three developers Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman. At the time of the algorithm's development (1977), the three were researchers at the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science. Their algorithm was first announced in Martin Gardner's "Mathematical Games" column in

the August, 1977, Scientific American. The article published one of the first public-key messages together with a $100 reward for the message's decryption.

An interview with Martin Gardner

The participants were

Donald J. Albers, Department of Mathematics, Menlo College, Menlo Park, California; Editor, The Two-Year College Mathematics Journal
Anthony Barcellos, Department of Mathematics, University of California, Davis
Martin Gardner, “Mathematical Games” columnist and author, Scientific American
Ronald L. Graham, Head, Discrete Mathematics Section, Bell Laboratories, New Jersey
Peter Renz, Editor, W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco
S. M. Ulam, Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville

People associated with Martin Gardner

Martin Gardner Mathematical Games Collections

Lists of fifteen volumes of collected Mathematical Games

Magic Square page revisions

Lost theorem

It was discovered in 1997 that every parallelogram in the complex plane defines a unique 3 × 3 magic square, and vice versa.[1]

geometric magic square

Proposed sentences following the very first sentence of the [Magic Square] article. Here is the opening sentence:

In recreational mathematics, a magic square is an arrangement of numbers (usually integers) in a square grid, where the numbers in each row, and in each column, and the numbers in the forward and backward main diagonals, all add up to the same number.

And here follow the two new sentences:

Since 2001, it has become recognized that such numerical squares are better seen as special instances of a more general structure known as a geometric magic square. The point is of little significance within the field of numerical squares, but of critical importance more generally, since the 'magical' properties of geometric magic squares far outweigh those of numerical types.[2]

The current second sentence would then become the first of a new paragraph.

References

  1. ^ The lost theorem, by Lee Sallows The Mathematical Intelligencer, Fall 1997, Volume 19, Issue 4, pp 51-54, Jan 09, 2009
  2. ^ Geometric Magic Squares reviewed by Charles Ashbacher Mathematical Association of America, September 24, 2013
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