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Robert Sapolsky

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Robert Morris Sapolsky
Robert Sapolsky, nicknamed Subtlesky by students and friends (2009)
Born1957 (age 66–67)
Brooklyn, New York
NationalityAmerican
Alma materHarvard University (B.A.)
Rockefeller University (Ph.D.)
Scientific career
FieldsNeuroscience, neurobiology, biological anthropology, primatology
InstitutionsStanford University
Thesis The neuroendocrinology of stress and aging  (1984)
Doctoral advisorBruce McEwen
Other academic advisorsMelvin Konner[1]

Robert Morris Sapolsky (born 1957) is an American neuroendocrinologist, professor of biology, neuroscience, and neurosurgery at Stanford University, researcher and author. He is currently a professor of biological sciences, and professor of neurology and neurological sciences and, by courtesy, neurosurgery, at Stanford University. In addition, he is a research associate at the National Museums of Kenya.[2]

Early life and education

Sapolsky was born in Brooklyn, New York to immigrants from the Soviet Union. He was raised as an Orthodox Jew and spent his time reading about and imagining living with silverback gorillas. By age 12, he was writing fan letters to primatologists. He attended John Dewey High School and, by that time, he was reading textbooks on the subject and teaching himself Swahili.[3]

Sapolsky describes himself as an atheist.[4][5] He stated in his acceptance speech for the Emperor Has No Clothes Award, "I was raised in an Orthodox (Jewish) household, and I was raised devoutly religious up until around age 13 or so. In my adolescent years, one of the defining actions in my life was breaking away from all religious belief whatsoever."[6]

In 1978, Sapolsky received his B.A. in biological anthropology summa cum laude from Harvard University.[7] He then went to Kenya to study the social behaviors of baboons in the wild; after which he returned to New York; studying at Rockefeller University, where he received his Ph.D. in neuroendocrinology working in the lab of Bruce McEwen, a world-renowned endocrinologist.

Following Sapolsky's initial year-and-a-half field study in Africa, he returned every summer for another twenty-five years to observe the same group of baboons, from the late 70s to the early 90s. He spent 8 to 10 hours a day for approximately four months each year recording the behaviors of these primates.[8]

Career

Sapolsky is currently the John A. and Cynthia Fry Gunn Professor at Stanford University, holding joint appointments in several departments, including Biological Sciences, Neurology & Neurological Sciences, and Neurosurgery.[9]

As a neuroendocrinologist, he has focused his research on issues of stress and neuronal degeneration, as well as on the possibilities of gene therapy strategies for protecting susceptible neurons from disease. Currently, he is working on gene transfer techniques to strengthen neurons against the disabling effects of glucocorticoids. Each year Sapolsky spends time in Kenya studying a population of wild baboons in order to identify the sources of stress in their environment, and the relationship between personality and patterns of stress-related disease in these animals. More specifically, Sapolsky studies the cortisol levels between the alpha male and female and the subordinates to determine stress level. An early but still relevant example of his studies of olive baboons is to be found in his 1990 Scientific American article, "Stress in the Wild".[10] He has also written about neurological impairment and the insanity defense within the American legal system.[11][12]

Sapolsky's work has been featured widely in the press, most notably in the National Geographic special Stress:Portrait of a Killer,[13] several articles in The New York Times,[14][15] Wired Magazine[16] and the Stanford University Magazine.[17] He has also written a number of popular science articles about his work (listed below).

Honors

Sapolsky has received numerous honors and awards for his work, including the prestigious MacArthur Fellowship genius grant in 1987,[18] an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship, and the Klingenstein Fellowship in Neuroscience. He was also awarded the National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator Award and the Young Investigator of the Year Awards from the Society for Neuroscience, the International Society for Psychoneuroendocrinology, and the Biological Psychiatry Society.

In 2007 he received the John P. McGovern Award for Behavioral Science, awarded by the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[19]

In 2008 he received Wonderfest's Carl Sagan Prize for Science Popularization.[20] In February 2010 Sapolsky was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distinguished achievers,[21] following the earlier Emperor Has No Clothes Award for year 2002.[22]

See also

Books

References

  1. ^ Hanson, E. Simon (January 5, 2001). "A Conversation With Robert Sapolsky". Brain Connection. Retrieved 3 June 2014. BC: Who were your greatest mentors? RS: Of people I've actually dealt with, ... the main person is an anthropologist/physician named Melvin Konnor ... . He ... was my advisor in college and remains a major mentor. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 36 (help)
  2. ^ "Robert Sapolsky". Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.
  3. ^ Vaughan, Christopher. "Going Wild A biologist gets in touch with his inner primate". Stanford Magazine. Retrieved 20 August 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  4. ^ Shwartz, Mark (March 7, 2007). "Robert Sapolsky discusses physiological effects of stress". News. Stanford University. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
  5. ^ "Professor Sapolsky Explains the Origin of Religion Part 1/2".
  6. ^ "Professor Sapolsky, Belief and Biology".
  7. ^ "About Robert Sapolsky: advancing our understanding of stress for decades". Stanford University. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  8. ^ "Transcript of How I Write Conversation with Robert Sapolsky". Stanford University. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
  9. ^ "Stanford Univ. detail of Prof. Sapolsky". Retrieved 2007-07-27Template:Inconsistent citations{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  10. ^ Sapolsky, Robert M. (1990). "Stress in the Wild". Scientific American, 262. 106–113
  11. ^ "The Brain on the Stand," New York Times Magazine
  12. ^ The frontal cortex and the criminal justice system.
  13. ^ "Stress: Portrait of a Killer". Stress: Portrait of a Killer. Stanford University, National Geographic. 2008. Retrieved 25 Aug 2014.
  14. ^ Brown, Patricia Leigh (19 Apr 2001). "AT HOME WITH: DR. ROBERT M. SAPOLSKY; Family Man With a Foot In the Veld". The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. Retrieved 25 Aug 2014.
  15. ^ Angier, Natalie (13 Apr 2004). "No Time for Bullies: Baboons Retool Their Culture". New York Times Archives. New York Times Company. Retrieved 5 Aug 2014.
  16. ^ Lehrer, Jonah (28 Jul 2010). "Under Pressure: The Search for a Stress Vaccine". Wired Magazine. Wired.com. Retrieved 25 Aug 2014.
  17. ^ Vaughan, Christopher (Nov–Dec 2001). "Going Wild". Stanford University Magazine. Stanford University. Retrieved 25 Aug 2014.
  18. ^ "MacArthur Fellows List - July 1987". Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  19. ^ "About AAAS: John McGovern Lecture". Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.
  20. ^ "Sagan Prize Recipients". wonderfest.org. 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  21. ^ "Honorary FFRF Board Announced". ffrf.org. Archived from the original on December 17, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
  22. ^ "Emperor Has No Clothes Award -- Robert Sapolsky". Freedom From Religion Foundation. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
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