Markale massacres
The Markale massacres were two massacres allegedly committed by the Army of Republika Srpska[1][2] on civilians during the Siege of Sarajevo in the Bosnian War. They occurred at the Markale (marketplace) located in the historical core of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The first happened on February 5, 1994 when 68 people were killed and 144 more were wounded. The second occurred on August 28, 1995 when a mortar shell killed 37 people and wounded another 90. This latter attack was the stated reason for NATO air strikes against the Bosnian Serb forces that would eventually lead to the Dayton Peace Accords and the end of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The question of whether the shells responsible for the massacres came from Bosnian government army (ARBiH) or Republika Srpska forces (VRS) positions has been the subject of a prolonged controversy and numerous conspiracy theories.[3]
First massacre
The first massacre occurred between 12:10 and 12:15 PM, when a 120 millimeter mortar shell landed in the center of the crowded marketplace.[3] Rescue workers and United Nations (UN) personnel rushed to help the numerous civilian casualties, while footage of the event soon made news reports across the world.[3] Controversy over the event started when an initial UNPROFOR report claimed that the shell was fired from Bosnian government positions.[1] General Michael Rose, the British head of UNPROFOR, revealed in his memoirs that three days after the blast he told General Divjak, the deputy commander of ARBiH forces, that the shell had been fired from Bosnian positions.[3] However, a later and more indepth UNPROFOR report noted a calculation error in the original findings. With the error fixed, the United Nations concluded that it was impossible to determine which side had fired the shell.[1]
Second massacre
The second massacre occurred in August of the following year at about 11:00 AM, with five shells being fired but a smaller number of casualties.[2] The secrecy of the United Nations in their investigation of the incident provoked media speculation that it was not known for certain which side had fired the mortar rounds.[2] This speculation was fueled by the Serb authorities who, as they did following the 1994 incident, denied all responsibility and accused the Bosnian government of bombarding its own people to incite international outrage and possible intervention.[4] In fact, as was revealed by a 1999 report to the United Nations General Assembly, UNPROFOR considered the evidence clear: a confidential report from shortly after the event concluded that all five rounds had been fired by the Army of Republika Srpska.[2] As soon as technical and weather conditions allowed, and the safety of UN personnel traveling through Serb territory was secured, Operation Deliberate Force commenced.[2] The following people were killed; Senad Arnautović, Ibrahim Babić, Mehmed Baručija, Ćamil Begić, Emir Begović, Vahida Bešić, Gordana Bogdanović, Vaskrsije Bojinović, Muhamed Borovina, Faruk Brkanić, Sakib Bulbul, Jelena Čavriz, Almasa Čehajić, Zlatko Čosić, Alija Čukojević, Verica Ćilimdžić, Smilja Delić, Ifet Drugovao, Dževad Durmo, Fatima Durmo, Kemal Džebo, Ismet Faztić, Vejsil Ferhatbegović, Dževdet Fetahović, Muhamed Fetahović, Ahmed Fočo, Majda Ganović, Isma Gibović, Rasema Hasanović, Alija Hurko, Mirsada Ibrulj, Mustafa Iranić, Rasema Jažić, Razija Junuzović, Hasija Karavdić, Mladen Klačar, Marija Knežević, Selma Kovač, lbro Krajčin, Sejda Kunić, Jozo Kvesić, Numo Lakača, Ruža Malović, Jadranka Minić, Nura Odžak, Mejra Orman, Hajrija Oručević, Seid Prozorac, Smajo Rahić, Igor Rehar, Rizvo Sabit, Zahida Sablja, Nedžad Salihović, Hajrija Smajić, Emina Srnja, Džemo Subašić, Šaćir Suljević, Hasib Šabanović, Ahmed Šehbajraktarević, Bejto Škrijelj, Junuz Švrakić, Pašaga Tihić, Munib Torlaković, Ruždija Trbić, Džemil Zečić, Muhamed Zubović and Senad Žunić.
Subsequent developments
In January 2004, prosecutors in the trial against Stanislav Galić, a Serb general in the siege of Sarajevo, introduced into evidence a report including the testimony of ammunition expert Berko Zečević.[1] Working with two colleagues, Zečević's investigation revealed a total of six possible locations from which the shell in the first Markale massacre could have been fired, of which five were under VRS and one under ARBiH control.[1] The ARBiH site in question was visible to UNPROFOR observers at the time, who reported that no shell was fired from that position.[1] Zečević further reported that certain components of the projectile could only have been produced in one of two places, both of which were under the control of the Army of Republika Srpska.[1] The court would eventually find Galić guilty beyond reasonable doubt of all five shellings prosecutors had charged him with, including Markale.[1] Although widely reported by the international media, the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights noted that the verdict was ignored in Serbia itself.[3] However, some world leaders, including former French President François Mitterrand, believed that the bombing of Markale was a ploy of the Bosnian military to get sympathy and trigger military intervention. In 1995, Mitterrand said: "A few days ago Mr. Boutros Ghali informed me that the projectile which hit the Markale marketplace in Sarajevo was an act of (Bosnian) Muslim provocation".
External links
- Anatomy of a Massacre by David Binder, Foreign Policy #97, Winter 1994-95
- Serbs 'Not Guilty' of Massacre by Hugh McManners, The Sunday Times, October 1, 1995
- Bosnia's Bombers by David Binder, The Nation, October 2, 1995
- Senior official admits to secret U.N. report on Sarajevo massacre Deutsche Presse-Agentur, June 6, 1996
- Who was responsible for the market place massacres in Sarajevo? - There is doubt about who is the responsible party of the Markale massacre.
- Radovan Karadzic $5 million Reward - The U.S. Government is offering $5 million reward for information leading to the arrest of Radovan Karadzic
- Ratko Mladic $5 million Reward - The U.S. Government is offering $5 million reward for information leading to the arrest of Ratko Mladic
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Armatta, Judith. (January, 2004). Bosnian Serbs Responsible for Markale Massacre, Expert Testifies. Coalition for International Justice.
- ^ a b c d e December, 2005. UN Report: Serbs Responsible for 1995 Sarajevo Markale Massacre. Srebrenica Genocide Blog.
- ^ a b c d e Fish, Jim. (February 5, 2004). Sarajevo massacre remembered. BBC.
- ^ Moore, Patrick. (August 29, 2005). Serbs Deny Involvement in Shelling. Omri Daily Digest.