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Injury in humans

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This article is about physical injuries to biological organisms. Not to be confused with Major trauma.
For the legal sense of the term, see Legal injury.
Injury
The knee of a person is examined with the help of radiography after an injury.
SpecialtyEmergency medicine, traumatology Edit this on Wikidata

Injury is hurt, harm, wound or damage to the body.[1][2] This may be caused by accidents (collisions), falling, hits, weapons, etc. Wounds are injuries that break the skin or other body tissues. Other common types of injuries include: animal bites, bruises, burns, joint dislocations, electrical injuries, bone fractures, sprains and strain (injury).[2]

The words "injury" and "damage" are not synonymous. "Damage" generally means a "loss caused by injury"[3] and can be measured by pain, tissue change or other physical, mental or other change. The word "damage" (singular form, no "s") should not be confused with the word "damages" (plural form with "s"). "Damages" has special legal or economic meanings for loss or suffering resulting from personal injury, property damage, etc. It is usually measured in money or other "legal remedies" and is not the physical or mental injury itself.

"Major trauma" is injury that has the potential to cause prolonged disability or death.

In 2013, 4.8 million people died from injuries, up from 4.3 million in 1990. More than 30% of these deaths were transport-related injuries. In 2013, 367,000 children under the age of five died from injuries, down from 766,000 in 1990.[4] Injuries are the cause of 9% of all deaths, and are the sixth-leading cause of death in the world.[5][6]

Classification

Deaths from injuries per million persons in 2012
  203-358
  359-428
  429-483
  484-559
  560-637
  638-716
  717-817
  818-939
  940-1,140
  1,141-2,961
Deaths from intentional injuries per million persons in 2012
  14-65
  66-89
  90-114
  115-137
  138-171
  172-193
  194-226
  227-291
  292-379
  380-2,730

The World Health Organization (WHO) developed the International Classification of External Causes of Injury (ICECI). Under this system, injuries are classified by

  • mechanism of injury,
  • objects/substances producing injury,
  • place of occurrence,
  • activity when injured,
  • the role of human intent,

and additional modules. These codes allow the identification of distributions of injuries in specific populations and case identification for more detailed research on causes and preventive efforts.[7][8]

The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics developed the Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System (OIICS). Under this system injuries are classified by

  • nature,
  • part of body affected,
  • source and secondary source, and
  • event or exposure.

The OIICS was first published in 1992 and has been updated several times since.[9]

The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) is used to classify injuries to enable research into specific sports injuries.[10]

By cause

By modality

By location

By activity

Injury severity score

The injury severity score (ISS) is a medical score to assess trauma severity.[12][13] It correlates with mortality, morbidity, and hospitalization time after trauma. It is used to define the term major trauma (polytrauma), recognized when the ISS is greater than 15.[13] The AIS Committee of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine designed and updates the scale.

See also

References

  1. ^ http://etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=injury
  2. ^ a b "Wounds and Injuries: MedlinePlus". Nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-07-20.
  3. ^ http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=damage
  4. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385: 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ "The top 10 causes of death". Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  6. ^ Stein DM, Santucci RA (July 2015). "An update on urotrauma". Current opinion in urology. 25 (4): 323–30. doi:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000184. PMID 26049876.
  7. ^ "International Classification of External Causes of Injury (ICECI)". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
  8. ^ Robertson, LS (2015) Injury Epidemiology: Fourth Edition. Free online at www.nanlee.net
  9. ^ "Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
  10. ^ Rae, K; Orchard, J (May 2007). "The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) version 10". Clin J Sport Med. 17 (3): 201–4. doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e318059b536. PMID 17513912.
  11. ^ "Trauma". Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC. 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
  12. ^ Baker SP, O'Neill B, Haddon W, Long WB (1974). "The Injury Severity Score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care". The Journal of Trauma. 14 (3). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 187–196. doi:10.1097/00005373-197403000-00001. PMID 4814394.
  13. ^ a b Copes, W.S.; H.R. Champion; W.J. Sacco; M.M. Lawnick; S.L. Keast; L.W. Bain (1988). "The Injury Severity Score revisited". The Journal of Trauma. 28 (1). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 69–77. doi:10.1097/00005373-198801000-00010. PMID 3123707.
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