Marketing of electronic cigarettes

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by AnomieBOT (talk | contribs) at 01:53, 3 June 2018 (Dating maintenance tags: {{Unreliable-inline}}). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

The marketing of e-cigarettes is legal in some jurisdictions,[1] and spending is increasing rapidly.[2][3] It may or may not be regulated by existing laws on advertising for nicotine-containing products, recreational drugs, and medical drugs/devices.

Scale

In the United States, six large e-cigarette businesses spent $59.3 million on promoting e-cigarettes in 2013.[3]

E-cigarettes are marketed and scientifically proven as a cheaper, more pleasant, and more convenient complement or alternative to smoking.[citation needed] Medical claims are also made, including "pharmaceuticalization", presenting e-cigarettes as medical or therapeutic devices,[4] claims formerly also made for combustible cigarettes.[5]: 62–64 

Some often implicit marketing claims and scientific facts expressed by the vaping industry made both online and by some sales reps in vape shops are that[6][unreliable source?][2][failed verification]

  • e-cigarettes are harmless, or even beneficial, to the user, compared with not smoking[7][6][8][relevant?]
  • e-cigarettes are harmless to others breathing the same air, which was supported by Public Health Expert Dr. Michael Siegel who stated following air sampling carried out by The California Department of Public Health “This study, although conducted under very high exposure conditions in a small, non-ventilated vape shop with many employees and customers vaping and clouds of vapor visible, did not document any dangerous levels of exposure to any hazardous chemical.”[2][9][relevant?][10]
  • e-cigarettes help smokers quit.[relevant?] This claim has been supported by a report in the British Medical Journal. ;[11][6][12][13][relevant?]

Nonsmokers are more likely to start vaping if they think e-cigarettes are not very harmful or addictive; beliefs about harmfullness and addiction don't affect the probability that smokers will start vaping.[14][15][relevant?]

E-cigarettes are marketed to non-smokers.[citation needed] Regular use by teens who had never smoked remains very low, at less than 1%.[16][17][1][relevant?]

"Smoke anywhere"

In some cases, marketing messages may also state or imply that users can "smoke anywhere" or need no longer go outside to satisfy nicotine cravings.[18][19] However, many jurisdictions prohibit vaping in some public places, and some ban them everywhere that tobacco cigarettes are banned.[19][relevant?] As of 2014, vaping in enclosed public places is banned in 30 countries.[1][relevant?]

Cessation aid

If you are a smoker, the best thing you can do for your health and the health of those around you is to stop smoking. If you choose to vape to stop smoking, that’s great, and no one should criticise you for that choice. Linda Bauld Professor of Health Policy at the University of Stirling and Deputy Director of the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Chair in Behavioural Research for Cancer Prevention at Cancer Research UK, and is the current President of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Europe.[20][relevant?]

According to a 2017 report in the British Medical Journal users of e-cigarettes were more likely to attempt to give up smoking and more likely to succeed in their attempts to give up smoking, with the report stating "Conclusion The substantial increase in e-cigarette use among US adult smokers was associated with a statistically significant increase in the smoking cessation rate at the population level."[21][relevant?] There is little to no evidence that tobacco companies are selling e-cigarettes as part of a plan to phase out traditional cigarettes but it is known that many cigarette and tobacco companies have started to back vaping due to the higher possible customer base.[2][relevant?] While, initially, most e-cigarettes were sold by manufacturers independent of traditional tobacco companies, this is sometimes not the case;[17][relevant?] all the transnational tobacco companies now sell e-cigarette products, and they have been entering into lawsuits for patent infringement, which may make the positions of the smaller companies untenable.[1][relevant?]

The evidence on the usefulness of e-cigarettes as a aid to breaking a nicotine addiction, or smoking less or no tobacco, is mixed.[relevant?] There are concerns that e-cigarette use may delay and deter quitting, perhaps partly by giving users an excuse to keep using nicotine.[2][22][relevant?] E-cigarettes have been marketed at a reason not to quit.[23][failed verification] Only one study comparing e-cigarettes to standard quitting methods has been published.[relevant?] Medical reviews have found both evidence that e-cigarettes increase the chance of quitting and evidence that they reduce the chance of quitting.[11][22][relevant?]

Everything currently known is opinionated towards e-cigarettes being dangerous, which is completely wrong.[relevant?] They may have a slight risk, but due to no long term studies, the effects are little to no harm.[relevant?] A 2017 national survey of US e-cigarette users found that smokers were more likely to try to quit using e-cigarettes than using methods with stronger evidence of efficacy, such as talking to their doctor.[relevant?] Most smokers using e-cigarettes in quit attempts also continued to smoke ("dual use").[relevant?] Dual use is not an effective harm reduction strategy.[24][25][relevant?]

Celebrity product endorsements

Celebrity endorsements are also used to encourage e-cigarette use.[2][26] A national US television advertising campaign starred Steven Dorff exhaling a "thick flume" of what the ad describes as "vapor, not tobacco smoke", exhorting smokers with the message "We are all adults here, it's time to take our freedom back."[27] The ads, in a context of longstanding prohibition of tobacco advertising on TV, were criticized by organizations such as Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids as undermining anti-tobacco efforts.[27] Cynthia Hallett of Americans for Non-Smokers' Rights described the US advertising campaign as attempting to "re-establish a norm that smoking is okay, that smoking is glamorous and acceptable".[27] University of Pennsylvania communications professor Joseph Cappella stated that the setting of the ad near an ocean was meant to suggest an association of clean air with the nicotine product.[27]

Marketing targeting youth

See also: Nicotine marketing § History, and Nicotine marketing § Methods

"regular use by teens who had never smoked remains very low, at less than 1%.[relevant?] Meanwhile in the UK and many other countries like the USA, youth smoking rates continue to decline at an encouraging pace.[relevant?] If vaping was causing smoking, these trends would reverse." [28][relevant?]

E-cigarettes are marketed to young people[29] using cartoon characters and candy flavors,[30] and even claiming endorsement by Santa Claus,[31][unreliable source?] in a re-use of older (now widely illegal) strategies used to promote chewing tobacco and cigarettes.[3][32] Some e-fluid has been sold packaged with candy and stickers.[33][relevant?]

E-liquids made to look and smell like lollipops, pocky, sour candies, cookies, whipped cream, and fruit juice have faced regulatory action, partly because a child drinking as little as a few mL (less than one teaspoon) of the fluid could die from nicotine poisoning.[34][35][unreliable source?][33][36][relevant?]

Saying or suggesting that using a product is for adults only, or that an authority orders the target not to use it, or that using it is a way to rebel and be free, have been shown to be effective marketing strategies for persuading young people to use the product.[37]: 190–196 [38]

E-cigarettes are heavily promoted in the United States, mostly via the internet, as a healthy alternative to smoking.[39] E-cigarettes are widely marketed on social media, where age restrictions are often not implemented.[40][41][42] On Facebook, unpaid content, created and sponsored by tobacco companies, is widely used to advertise nicotine-containing products, with photos of the products, "buy now" buttons and a lack of age restrictions, in contravention of ineffectively enforced Facebook policies.[40][41][42] Both Google and Microsoft have policies that prohibit the promotion of tobacco products on their advertising networks.[43][44][relevant?] However, some tobacco retailers are able to circumvent these policies by creating landing pages that promote tobacco accessories such as cigar humidors and lighters.[citation needed][relevant?] Easily circumvented age verification at company websites enables young people to access and be exposed to marketing for e-cigarettes.[45][relevant?]

Marketing regulation

While advertising of tobacco products is banned in most countries, and non-advertisment forms of marketing (such as stealth marketing) are regulated in some, fewer countries ban nicotine marketing. As of 2014, 39 countries containing 31% of the world's population have comprehensive e-cigarettes advertising, promotion and sponsorship bans, and 19 countries containing 5% of the world's populations in theory require products like e-cigarettes to be reviewed before being placed on the market.[1]

For regulatory purposes, e-cigarettes may be classified as

In some countries, e-cigarettes may fall through the cracks, not being regulated under any existing legislation.[46][relevant?]

E-cigarettes have been listed as drug delivery devices in several countries because some may contain nicotine, and their advertising has been restricted until safety and efficacy clinical trials are conclusive.[47] Since they do not contain tobacco, television advertising in the United States is not restricted.[48] Some countries have regulated e-cigarettes as a medical product even though they have not approved them as a smoking cessation aid.[49]

Television and radio e-cigarette advertising in some countries may be indirectly encouraging traditional cigarette smoking.[2]

Some vendors have been fined for false advertising, mostly for misleading food and candy-like branding and false health claims or claims of medical endorsement, but also for selling mislabelled and contaminated e-fluid.[citation needed] Diethylene glycol[50] has been found as a contaminant.[relevant?] The "buttery" flavorant diacetyl, although commonly used in food manufacture, has been implicated with a disease known as popcorn lung after chronic exposure to the pure compound in an industrial setting.[relevant?] Some fluids that claim to contain no nicotine have also been found to contain nicotine.[51][52]

In 2016, e-cigarette companies fought to not have the health and safety of their products evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, arguing that all existing products should be grandfathered in.[53][relevant?]

In some jurisdictions, it is legal to market and sell e-cigarettes to minors.[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e WHO. "Electronic nicotine delivery systems" (PDF). pp. 1–13. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Grana, R; Benowitz, N; Glantz, SA (13 May 2014). "E-cigarettes: a scientific review". Circulation. 129 (19): 1972–86. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667. PMC 4018182. PMID 24821826.
  3. ^ a b c d "E-Cigarette use among children and young people: the need for regulation". Expert Rev Respir Med. 9: 1–3. 2015. doi:10.1586/17476348.2015.1077120. PMID 26290119. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  4. ^ Hendlin, Yogi Hale; Elias, Jesse; Ling, Pamela M. (2017-08-15). "The Pharmaceuticalization of the Tobacco Industry". Annals of internal medicine. 167 (4): 278–280. doi:10.7326/M17-0759. ISSN 0003-4819. PMC 5568794. PMID 28715843.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  5. ^ Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC) of the Center for Tobacco Products of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2011-07-21). Menthol Cigarettes and Public Health: Review of the Scientific Evidence and Recommendations (PDF). US Food and Drug Administration. p. 252. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
  6. ^ a b c "Vape Shops Clouding Issues of Safety". Truth In Advertising. 2016-05-24. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  7. ^ England, Lucinda J.; Bunnell, Rebecca E.; Pechacek, Terry F.; Tong, Van T.; McAfee, Tim A. (2015). "Nicotine and the Developing Human". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 49 (2): 286–93. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.015. ISSN 0749-3797. PMC 4594223. PMID 25794473.
  8. ^ See also a more cleanly-formatted version of this reference list on the Adverse effects of vaping on the separate page here, and the articles Health effects of tobacco and Nicotine addiction
    • Brain
    • Eyes:
    • Airways:
    • Stomach:
    • Heart and circulation:
    Mortality:
  9. ^ http://tobacco.stanford.edu/tobacco_main/images_ecigs.php?token2=fm_ecigs_st387.php&token1=fm_ecigs_img17157.php&theme_file=fm_ecigs_mt036.php&theme_name=Healthier&subtheme_name=Second%20Hand
  10. ^ https://www.vapingpost.com/2017/05/03/air-sampling-confirms-secondhand-vapor-is-harmless/
  11. ^ a b Hartman-Boyce, Jamie; McRobbie, Hayden; al, et (2016). "Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9: CD010216. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub3. PMID 27622384.
  12. ^ http://www.wired.co.uk/article/e-cigarettes-help-people-quit-smoking-study-says
  13. ^ https://www.bmj.com/content/358/bmj.j3262
  14. ^ Cooper, Maria; Loukas, Alexandra; Case, Kathleen R.; Marti, C. Nathan; Perry, Cheryl L. (2018). "A longitudinal study of risk perceptions and e-cigarette initiation among college students: Interactions with smoking status". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 186: 257–263. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.027. ISSN 1879-0046. PMC 5911205. PMID 29626778.
  15. ^ Amrock, Stephen M.; Lee, Lily; Weitzman, Michael (2016-11-01). "Perceptions of e-Cigarettes and Noncigarette Tobacco Products Among US Youth". Pediatrics. 138 (5): –20154306. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-4306. ISSN 1098-4275 0031-4005, 1098-4275. PMID 27940754. Retrieved 2018-05-27. {{cite journal}}: Check |issn= value (help)
  16. ^ https://www.theguardian.com/science/sifting-the-evidence/2017/dec/29/e-cigarettes-vaping-safer-than-smoking
  17. ^ a b De, Andrade Marisa; Hastings, Gerard; Angus, Kathryn; Dixon, Diane; Purves, Richard (2013). "The marketing of electronic cigarettes in the UK" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ^ http://tobacco.stanford.edu/tobacco_main/images_ecigs.php?token2=fm_ecigs_st367.php&token1=fm_ecigs_img16976.php&theme_file=fm_ecigs_mt039.php&theme_name=Social%20Appeal&subtheme_name=Socializing
  19. ^ a b Truth in Advertising (2015-09-01). "Smoking Out E-Cigarette Ad Claims". Truth In Advertising. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  20. ^ https://www.theguardian.com/science/sifting-the-evidence/2017/dec/29/e-cigarettes-vaping-safer-than-smoking
  21. ^ https://www.bmj.com/content/358/bmj.j3262
  22. ^ a b Kalkhoran, Sara; Glantz, Stanton A (2016). "E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 4: 116–128. doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00521-4. PMC 4752870. PMID 26776875.
  23. ^ see image in article, File:No-one_likes_a_quitter,_e-cigarette_ad.jpg
  24. ^ https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/index.htm
  25. ^ Caraballo, Ralph S.; Shafer, Paul R.; Patel, Deesha; Davis, Kevin C.; McAfee, Timothy A. (2017-04-13). "Quit Methods Used by US Adult Cigarette Smokers, 2014–2016". Preventing Chronic Disease. 14. doi:10.5888/pcd14.160600. ISSN 1545-1151. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
  26. ^ Linda Bauld; Kathryn Angus; Marisa de Andrade (May 2014). "E-cigarette uptake and marketing" (PDF). Public Health England. pp. 1–19.
  27. ^ a b c d Daniel Nasaw (5 December 2012). "Electronic cigarettes challenge anti-smoking efforts". BBC News.
  28. ^ http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/14/9/973
  29. ^ "E-cigarettes and Lung Health". American Lung Association. 2015.
  30. ^ "Myths and Facts About E-cigarettes". American Lung Association. 2015.
  31. ^ "E-Cigarettes Hitting Teen Targets?". Truth In Advertising. 2014-03-24. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  32. ^ http://adage.com/article/media/big-tobacco-spending-ads-e-cigarettes/241993/
  33. ^ a b "Warning Letters - Omnia E-Liquid 5/1/18" (WebContent). Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  34. ^ "FTC, FDA Take Action Against Companies Marketing E-liquids That Resemble Children's Juice Boxes, Candies, and Cookies". Federal Trade Commission. 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  35. ^ "FTC, FDA Warn Marketers of E-Liquids That Look Like Kids' Candy". Truth In Advertising. 2018-05-02. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  36. ^ Affairs, Office of Regulatory. "2018 Warning Letters" (WebContent). Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  37. ^ Davis, Ronald M.; Gilpin, Elizabeth A.; Loken, Barbara; Viswanath, K.; Wakefield, Melanie A. (2008). The role of the media in promoting and reducing tobacco use (PDF). National Cancer Institute tobacco control monograph series. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. p. 684.
  38. ^ Grandpre, Joseph; Alvaro, Eusebio M.; Burgoon, Michael; Miller, Claude H.; Hall, John R. (2003-07). "Adolescent Reactance and Anti-Smoking Campaigns: A Theoretical Approach". Health Communication. 15 (3): 349–366. doi:10.1207/S15327027HC1503_6. Retrieved 2017-11-04. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ Rom, Oren; Pecorelli, Alessandra; Valacchi, Giuseppe; Reznick, Abraham Z. (2014). "Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1340 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1111/nyas.12609. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 25557889.
  40. ^ a b April 5, Ashley Welch CBS News; 2018; Pm, 5:02. "Facebook is used to promote tobacco, despite policies against it, study finds". Retrieved 2018-05-18. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ a b Jeter Hansen, Amy. "Tobacco products promoted on Facebook despite policies". News Center. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  42. ^ a b Hansen, Author Amy Jeter (2018-04-05). "Despite policies, tobacco products marketed on Facebook, Stanford researchers find". Scope. Retrieved 2018-05-18. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  43. ^ Advertising.microsoft.com. Advertising.microsoft.com (28 September 2011).
  44. ^ Adwords.google.com. Adwords.google.com.
  45. ^ ""Smoking revolution": a content analysis of electronic cigarette retail websites". Am J Prev Med. 46 (4): 395–403. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.12.010. PMC 3989286. PMID 24650842. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  46. ^ https://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/fda-issues-first-e-cigarette-warning-letters
  47. ^ Cervellin, Gianfranco; Borghi, Loris; Mattiuzzi, Camilla; Meschi, Tiziana; Favaloro, Emmanuel; Lippi, Giuseppe (2013). "E-Cigarettes and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Science and Mysticism". Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 40 (01): 060–065. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363468. ISSN 0094-6176. PMID 24343348.
  48. ^ Maloney, Erin K.; Cappella, Joseph N. (2015). "Does Vaping in E-Cigarette Advertisements Affect Tobacco Smoking Urge, Intentions, and Perceptions in Daily, Intermittent, and Former Smokers?". Health Communication. 31: 1–10. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.993496. ISSN 1041-0236. PMID 25758192.
  49. ^ Bekki, Kanae; Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Ohta, Kazushi; Inaba, Yohei; Nakagome, Hideki; Kunugita, Naoki (2014). "Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (11): 11192–11200. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111192. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 4245608. PMID 25353061.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  50. ^ FDAecigactions.pdf (PDF), retrieved 2018-05-26
  51. ^ Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Care Professionals: Educate Your Young Patients About the Risks of E-cigarettes (PDF), retrieved 2018-05-27
  52. ^ Food and drug Administration, Electronic Cigarettes, What is the bottom line (PDF), retrieved 2018-05-26 [:File:Electronic Cigarettes, What is the bottom line CDC.pdf fulltext on commons]
  53. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/03/us/politics/e-cigarettes-vaping-cigars-fda-altria.html
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marketing_of_electronic_cigarettes&oldid=844163079"