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Muteness

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Muteness
SpecialtyNeurology, psychiatry Edit this on Wikidata

Muteness or mutism (from Latin mutus 'silent') is an inability to speak, often caused by a speech disorder or surgery. Someone who is mute may be so due to the unwillingness to speak in certain social situations.

Causes

Those who are physically mute may have problems with the parts of the human body required for human speech (the esophagus, vocal cords, lungs, mouth, or tongue, etc.).

Trauma or injury to Broca's area, located in the left inferior frontal cortex of the brain, can cause muteness.[1]

Variations

Selective mutism previously known as "elective mutism" is an anxiety disorder very common among young children, characterized by the inability to speak in certain situations. It should not be confused with someone who is mute and cannot communicate due to physical disabilities. Selectively mute children are able to communicate in situations in which they feel comfortable. About 90% of children with this disorder have also been diagnosed with social anxiety. It is very common for symptoms to occur before the age of five and do not have a set time period. Not all children express the same symptoms. Some may stand motionless and freeze in specific social settings and have no communication.[2]

Alalia is a disorder that refers to a delay in the development of speaking abilities in children. In severe cases, some children never learn how to speak. It is caused by illness of the child or the parents, the general disorders of the muscles, the shyness of the child or the fact that the parents are close relatives.[3]

Anarthria is a severe form of dysarthria. The coordination of movements of the mouth and tongue or the conscious coordination of the lungs are damaged.[4]

Aphasia can rob all aspects of the speech and language.[5] It is a damage of the cerebral centres of the language.

Aphonia is the inability to produce any voice. In severe cases the patient loses phonation. It is caused by the injury, paralysis, and illness of the larynx.[3]

Conversion disorder can cause loss of speaking ability.[6]

Feral children grow up outside of human society, and so usually struggle in learning any language.[7]

Some people with autism never learn to speak.[3]

Most intellectually disabled children learn to speak, but in the severe cases they cannot learn speech (IQ 20-25).[7][8] Children with Down syndrome often have impaired language and speech.[7][8]

Hearing mutism is an obsolete term used in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century for specific language impairment.[9]

Akinetic mutism is a state in which the individual is unable to speak or move.[10]

Management

Some mute patients have adapted to their disability by using machines that vibrate their vocal cords, allowing them to speak. Esophageal speech can give some speaking ability.[11] Others learn sign language to communicate.[12]

Computers also facilitate communication, both with smart phones and the Internet. Many augmentative and alternative communication devices exist to allow people to communicate; these include "text-to-speech" devices and/or software programs, which turns typed text and/or a button loaded with messages into electronic vocalizations, enabling the mute and the speech-impaired to "speak".

Other techniques of the augmentative and alternative communication include:

  • written notes
  • helper pages, books with letters, words, iconic and Bliss symbols and pictures[13] and their tangible versions[14][15][16][17]
  • lip-reading by the communication partner
  • vocalization
  • speech recording and replaying
  • alternative pointers[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Aphasia" – via The Free Dictionary.
  2. ^ "What is Selective Mutism". Archived from the original on 2015-02-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c Illyés Sándor; Mesterházi Zsuzsa; Bánfalvy Csaba; Fonyódi Ilona; Hámori József; Papp László Tivadar; Pataki László; Kullmann Lajos; Gósy Mária; Csépe Valéria; Márkus Attila; Vetró Ágnes; Gordosné Szabó Anna; Nagy Gyöngyi Mária; Csányi Yvonne; Hatos Gyula; Gaál Éva; Kovács Krisztina; Farkas Miklós-Perlusz Andrea; Benczúr Miklósné; Hári Mária; Torda Ágnes; Volentics Anna; Balázs Anna (2000). Gyógypedagógiai alapismeretek (in Hungarian). Budapest: Bolyai Tudományegyetem Távoktatási Központ Pszichológia és Neveléstudományok Kar Tanító és Óvodapedagógus Szak. ISBN 9637155287. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017. Template:Hu icon
  4. ^ a b "Ajánlások mozgáskorlátozott gyermekek, tanulók kompetencia alapú fejlesztéséhez". Dombainé Esztergomi Anna. Budapest: suliNova Közoktatás-fejlesztési és Pedagógus-továbbképzési Kht. 2006. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2017. Template:Hu icon
  5. ^ "asemia" – via The Free Dictionary.
  6. ^ Bánki M., Csaba (1981). A beteg elme (in Hungarian). Budapest. ISBN 9632408845. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Template:Hu icon
  7. ^ a b c "Nyelvi és beszédbeli rendellenességek a nyelvtudomány történetében" (PDF). Kassai Ilona. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2007. Retrieved 1 May 2017. Template:Hu icon
  8. ^ a b Pinker, Steven (2006). A nyelvi ösztön – Hogyan hozza létre az elme a nyelvet? (in Hungarian). Typotex Kft. ISBN 9789639664043. Retrieved 1 May 2017. Template:Hu icon
  9. ^ Page 6 in: Leonard, Laurence B. (1998). Children with specific language impairment. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-62136-3.
  10. ^ "Definition of Akinetic mutism". Archived from the original on 2014-12-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ InforMed. "Gége nélküli hangképzés :: Gégerák és más daganatok - InforMed Orvosi és Életmód portál :: logopédia,gége,nélküli,hangképzés,hangképzés,gégedaganat,gégekiirtás,laryngectomia,nyelőcsőhangképzés". Archived from the original on 2016-05-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Template:Hu icon
  12. ^ Andrea, Erdélyi (2005). Nézd a kezem! Egyszerű gesztusjelek gyűjteménye... Új állapotú! (in Hungarian). Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó – National Textbook Publishing House. ISBN 9789631955804. Retrieved 1 May 2017. Template:Hu icon
  13. ^ "Bliss Alapítvány". Archived from the original on 2015-10-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Template:Hu icon
  14. ^ Rowland, C., & Schweigert, P. (1989). Tangible Symbol Systems: Symbolic communication for individuals with multisensory impairments. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 5(4), 226-234.
  15. ^ Rowland, C., & Schweigert, P. (1996). Tangible Symbol Systems (DVD). Portland, OR: Oregon Health & Science University.
  16. ^ Rowland, C. & Schweigert, P. (2000a). Tangible symbols, tangible outcomes. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 16 (2), 61-78.
  17. ^ Rowland, C., & Schweigert, P. (2000b). :Tangible Symbol Systems (2nd Ed.). Portland, OR: Oregon Health & Science University.
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