African historiography

• Comment: [My first review~!] This article is great except for a for a few key areas:
  (1) The lead (a) does not adequately summarize the body of the article per WP:SUMMARY (b) nor does it provide a brief overview of the article's subject.
  Recommendation would be to move the current lead into a section called "Overview" and write a new lead per summary style.
  (2) There are no inline citations for some potentially contentious claims. To name just a few examples:
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  I'd prefer to see those concerns addressed before I accept this draft, but it isn't mandatory. Thank you for writing this critical article! –MJL ‐Talk‐^☖ 21:13, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

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"Portrait of an African Man" by Jan Mostaert. The earliest known painting of a black man in European art.

African Historiography is a branch of Historiography concerning the African continent, its peoples, nations and variety of written and non-written histories. It has differentiated itself from other continental areas of historiography due to its multidisciplinary nature, as Africa’s unique and varied methods of recording history have resulted in a lack of an established set of historical works documenting events before European colonialism. As such, African Historiography has lent itself to contemporary methods of historiographical study and the incorporation of anthropological and sociological analysis.

The chronology of African recorded history encompasses many movements of art, African nations and dialects, and its history has permeated through many mediums. History concerning the much of the pre-colonialist African continent is depicted through art or passed down through word of mouth. As European colonization emerged, the cultural identity and socio-political structure of the continent drastically shifted, and the written documentation of Africa and its people was dominated by European academia, which was later acknowledged and criticized in post-colonialist movements of the 20^th century.

Antiquity

Africa, due to both its expanse, varied and often harsh terrain, and variety of cultural groups lacked the capability to collectivize to the extent of Eastern Europe, Asia Minor or the Middle East. As a result, much of the African continent did not reach the technological advancement of the northernmost kingdoms and nations of Africa. Much of the depiction of Africa preceding written history is through archaeology and antiquities. Excluding Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs and the Ge’ez script, a large part of the African continent would not have a means of writing or recording history until the common era. This presents a challenge for historians in deciphering the history of the continent with certain people and nations yet to begin recording history.

Early Written History

Documents of the Vai script, developed in Liberia in the 19th century.

Many African writing systems have been developed in ancient and recent history, and the continent holds a large quantity of varied orthographies. One of the most notable ancient languages were the Egyptian Hieroglyphs, which were often found carved into walls, as decoration on objects of religious significance and written on wood and papyrus. Hieroglyphs, like many other ancient African dialects, underwent a considerable period of time where there was no verifiable translation. The Rosetta Stone, discovered in 1799, would allow historians to effectively decipher Hieroglyphs and access a new field of Ancient Egyptian history. This field would be undertaken predominantly by European historians.

Colonial Historiography

Colonial History arrived with the discovery and colonization of Africa and involved the study of Africa and its history by European academics and historians. Due to the relative establishment of European academia compared to Africa during the period, as well as the domination of European powers across the continent, African History was written from an entirely European perspective under the pretense of Western Superiority. This predilection stemmed from the technological superiority of European nations and the decentralization of the African continent with no nation being a clear power in the region, as well as a perception of Africans as racially inferior. Another factor was the lack of an established body of collective African history created in the continent, there being instead a multitude of different dialects, cultural groups and fluctuating nations as well as a diverse set of mediums that document history other than written word. This led to a perception by Europeans that Africa and its people had no recorded history and had little desire to create it.

The historical works of the time were predominantly written by scholars of the various European powers and were confined to individual nations, leading to disparities in style, quality, language and content between the many African nations. These works mostly concerned the activities of the European powers and centered on events concerning economic and military endeavors of the powers in the region. Examples of British works were Lilian Knowles' The Economic Development of the British Overseas Empire and Allan McPhees The Economic Revolution in British West Africa, which discuss the economic achievements of the British empire and the state of affairs in African nations controlled by Britain.

Thomas Macaulay and Whig History

Thomas Babington Macaulay, who would popularize the Whig method of writing history.

Much of the creation of African history can be attributed to the popularity of Whig history, the historiographical movement of writing history as a progression towards an idyllic future determined by western ideals. Popularized by Thomas Macaulay, this approach considered History to be a linear progression towards a predetermined goal decided by the values and governmental structures held at the time and place of the works creation, in this case being a British parliamentary, constitutional monarchy. Much of Colonial history and European rule in Africa consists of this imposition of social, cultural and political systems onto African nations.

Post-Colonialist Historiography

Post-Colonialist Historiography studies the relationship between European colonialism and domination in Africa and the construction of African history and representation. It has roots in Orientalism, the construction of cultures from the Asian, Arabian and North African world in a patronizing manner stemming from a sense of Western superiority, first theorized by Edward Said. A general perception of Western superiority throughout European academics and historians prominent during the height of colonialism led to the defining traits of colonial historical works, which post-colonialists have sought to analyse and criticize.

William Miller Macmillan and Africa Emergent

William Miller Macmillan is a historian and post-colonialist thinker. His historical work, Africa Emergent (1938), critiqued colonial rule and sought for the democratization of African nations in seeking African representation in governments. The work not only condemns colonial rule, but also considers the perspectives of and the effect of colonialism on the African people, a considerable difference from the works’ contemporaries.

Edward Said and Orientalism

Mural painting of Edward Said

Said and his book Orientalism (1978) had a major impact on post-colonial studies. It introduced the theory of Orientalism and deconstructed the methods in which foreign cultures were distorted and patronized through western representation.

Contemporary Historiography

Acknowledgement and acceptance of African nations and peoples as individuals free of European domination has allowed African History to be approached from new perspectives and with new methods. Africa has lacked a defined means of communication or academic body due to its variety of cultures and communities, and the plurality and diversity of its many peoples means a historiographical approach that confines itself to the development and activity of a singular people or nation incapable of capturing the comprehensive history of African nations without a vast quantity of historical works. This quantity and diversity of history that has yet to be documented is better suited to the contemporary historiographical movements that incorporate the social sciences: anthropology, sociology, geography and other fields that closer examine the human element of History rather than constrain it to political history.

Ethnohistory

Anthropological study in Historiography involves many fields of anthropology including cultural anthropology, social anthropology and linguistic anthropology in the pursuit of contextualizing and uncovering the human elements of history and is referred to as Ethnohistory. A methodology originally employed in the study of indigenous cultures, it has transitioned not only into the general field of anthropology but has been largely adopted by practitioners of history and the movement of social history. From its focus on indigenous cultures and the analysis of the anthropological origins of a people rather than their political relations (which would be otherwise be dominated by their relevance to European nations), Ethnohistory approaches history from a point preceding European colonization, and allows for historians to study the implications of the Scramble for Africa with a greater understanding of the social stratification of African nations before and after colonialism. The depiction of these nations would go from being static to dynamic, documenting a progression from the time before and after the arrival of European nations, which is in part accomplished by a transition from the study of what has been done, to the means, methods and reasons of the actions undertaken.

Sociology

Sociology is the study of society and the relationships the embody its social and cultural function, and is a structuralist interpretation of human interaction within collectives. In African history, the analysis of African nations and people through the lens of sociology has aided the field in accurately capturing the nature, development and individuality of African societies by their own criteria, rather than assessment from a western interpretation and ideology of society.

Talcott Parsons

File:Talcott Parsons 1.jpg

Talcott Parsons

Talcott Parsons was an American sociologist who contributed much to the field of sociology, including the development of the structural-functional field of sociology. Of his work that is relevant to African historiography, he aided field of study by creating categories in studies of societies, called the Functional Imperatives, by which sociologists may compare and contrast societies by, as Tignor (1966) summarises, the criteria of "goal attainment, adaption, integration, and pattern maintenance," which are handled by the societal institutions of the government, research/market mechanisms, religious organisations/socio-economic systems, and by relationships of family and kin respectively. This sociological analysis of African nations improved the capability of historians to holistically represent the evolution of African societies in relation to the arrival of European powers.