Civility
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Civility comes from the word civis, which in Latin means "citizen". Merriam Webster defines civility as civilized conduct (especially: courtesy or politeness) or a polite act or expression.[1] Historically, civility also meant training in the humanities.
Etymology
Late Middle English: from Old French civilite, from Latin civilitas, from civilis 'relating to citizens' (see civil). In early use, the term denoted the state of being a citizen and hence good citizenship or orderly behavior. The sense 'politeness' arose in the mid-16th century.
Developmental model
Adolf G. Gundersen and Suzanne Goodney Lea have developed a civility model grounded in empirical data that "stresses the notion that civility is a sequence, not a single thing or set of things". The model conceives of civility as a continuum or scale consisting of increasingly demanding traits ranging from "indifference" to "commentary", "conversation", "co-exploration" and, from there, to "habituation". According to the authors, such a developmental model has several distinct advantages, not least of which is that it allows civility to be viewed as something everyone can get better at.[2]
Empathy in Civility
Many experts on civility cite that Civility actually goes beyond good manners and listening attentively, but actually includes sharing our own beliefs and values with others through some type of engagement with the intent of sincere respect towards one another. This also requires a willingness and open mindedness to having our opinions and biases challenged by others who share a different and perhaps completely unique perspectives and points of view [3]. Experts say that our ability to act with civility is deeply connected with our ability to understand our own emotions, because understanding our own feelings will help us to recognize how we are feeling in real-time and give us a greater ability to have empathy for others. Furthermore, understanding our own personal feelings can help us to evaluate the things that trigger us emotionally and therefore become more aware and in tune with how we can, could and will possibly react and feel in certain situations. By being open to taking the time to understand our thoughts and emotions in these situations, this practice can lead to the self-recognition and acceptance of how the same or similar situations may affect others, including those that may share a completely unique perspective [4].
Lack of civility
Incivility is the polar opposite of civility, or in other words a lack or completely without civility. Verbal or physical attacks on others, cyber bullying, rudeness, religious intolerance, discrimination, and vandalism are just some of the acts that are generally considered acts of incivility. Incivility is a negative part of society that has impacted many people in the United States, but as the world is becoming increasingly more transparent in social interactions, it has become more increasingly apparent that incivility has become an issue on the global stage.[5] Social media and the web have given people the ability around the globe to freely exchange ideas, but it has not come without its consequences.
Politicians in the U.S. have frequently cited that they encounter a lack of civility in their workplace, and have disregarded it as unfortunate aspect of politics, but polls indicate that "going negative" can help candidates win elections. During the 2016 presidential campaign, candidate Donald Trump has regularly called his rivals "stupid, incompetent and losers".[6]
Recognizing that incivility online, more commonly referred to as cyber bullying, has become an increasing problem that takes away from a positive online experience. Recognizing that people harassing others online has become a problem and can have negative consequences for businesses, many companies have stepped up to create more awareness and initiatives to help. Intel in collaboration with organizations such as the Born This Way Foundation and Vox Media have made an initiative called "Hack Harassment" aimed to increase awareness of online harassment and anti-harassment technologies.[7] There is no claim of solution for what can be done to stop online harassment, but many studies suggest that a large number of people are harassed online.[citation needed] Although there are many tactics to block cyber-bullying, such as censorship and banning users from accessing a site, it does not correct the underlying issues on what causes it in the first place. Although blocking people online from bullying others may solve some of the issues on the web, it may only manifest itself in other forms offline and in person where the possibility for violence and other physical harm could take place.[citation needed]
On April 22, 2016 The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research at the University of Chicago released a report citing that 74 percent of Americans think manners and behavior have declined in the United States. In this study they discovered that people in most cases can agree with what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. They found that 8 out of 10 Americans find jokes made based on race, gender, or sexuality are considered inappropriate, but only a small number of people owning up to actually making these types of jokes ever. Although there were some differences between age demographics on newer technologies, such as the use of cell phones. The report suggests that nearly half of all Americans 18-29 find it acceptable to use their cell phones in a restaurant, while less than 22 percent of people over the age of 60 years old agrees.[8]
Movements to foster civility
Worldwide
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/International_Day_of_Peace_%26_Society_For_Women_%26_Child_Development.png/130px-International_Day_of_Peace_%26_Society_For_Women_%26_Child_Development.png)
The International Day of Peace ("Peace Day") is observed by many countries on September 21. Peace day was first started in 1981 by declaration of the United Nations General Assembly. The voting was overwhelmingly in favor of enacting Peace Day, and so the observance was thus born. The goal of Peace Day is to help bring the world together, and share a collective attitude of peace and harmony. Many countries around the world celebrate September 21 as a day of non-violence and cease-fires to emulate the mission of global peace. Since its beginnings the day has spread more throughout the world, with many countries annually participating in this observance.
Participation is open to all people of the world. People may choose to celebrate Peace Day in different ways, but the goal is to have peace at the heart of all the activity's intentions. Individuals, businesses and organizations are also welcome and encouraged to celebrate Peace Day. Spreading peace and good will towards all mankind is the great aim that's in view for raising awareness for Peace Day.[9]
In May 2007, the Global Peace Index (GPI) was launched in an attempt to measure the relative ranking of peacefulness around different countries around the world. Today, the Global Peace Index is maintained the Institute for Economics and Peace, and is conducted on an annual basis. The index primarily measures three different categories to determine the level of peace in the world. These levels look at the overall security, crime levels, and the build up of military forces. By measuring levels of peace, the hope is that a greater general awareness and attention is given towards making the world a more peaceful place.[10]
In the United States
Opinion polls
A 2010 Allegheny College poll found that nearly all Americans (95 percent) believe civility is important in politics.[11]
In a 2012 poll conducted by Weber Shandwick, 65% of Americans reported an increase in incivility due to a weakened U.S. economy during the Great Recession. Almost 50% of those same Americans surveyed indicated they have removed themselves from participating in any politics because of fear of incivility or bullying. Of the 1000 people surveyed, a follow-up study revealed that 86% of those people reported being subjected to incivility.[12] In this report, a part of an annual follow-up research report in January 2016 sharing findings on attitudes and sentiment about civility, 95% of Americans believe that incivility is a very visible issue, while 74% recognized that civility in general had declined during the past few years. Over 90% of voters claimed that the presidential candidates' attitudes and civil behavior would play a significant role in their voting decision in the upcoming 2016 election.[13]
In government
Many projects are led by State Supreme Courts to foster civility. One of these initiatives is led by the California Judicial Branch for their Civics Education Outreach program. The primary objective of this program is to teach young adults and students how democracy is supposed to function in the United States and other details about how legal processes work. The mission is to have students leave the program with a greater interest and understanding of U.S. courts, legal processes, and democracy.[14]
In the legal profession
Penn State University conducted a study on perceptions of the legal professional and its relation to civility. They found that general opinion pointed to a drop or decline in civility with the legal profession. To counteract demeaning and unprofessional behavior, there has been several initiatives put in place by state bar associations. However, the legal profession is not the only industry that has adopted civility standards. Many other companies and organizations across several industries have adopted civility standards that have also help to increase workplace civility.[15]
In schools
Numerous universities in the U.S., such as the University of Colorado, the University of Missouri,[16] University of California Davis,[17] Johns Hopkins University,[18] University of Wisconsin,[19] Rutgers University,[20] American University,[21] and California State University San Marcos[22] have created programs designed to foster and define what civility means on their campuses. Some colleges, such as the Arizona State University, offer an undergraduate certificate in Civil Communication.[23] Still other universities, such as Kansas State University,[24] have developed programs in dialogue and deliberation which involve codes of behavior that foster constructive, civil discourse. Although many colleges have adopted programs to foster civility efforts, there are still many colleges and universities, including many of the Ivy League schools, that do not have or list no visible place online about any civility initiatives, codes or standards.
In the community
Numerous community groups have formed throughout the U.S. to restore constructive civility in the public space. The Civility Toolkit with approximately 300 civility tools aggregated by the Civility Center with a mission to help provide access to resources regarding civility and to help restore civility in society.[25] Many of these groups are members of the National Coalition for Dialogue and Deliberation.[26] Other programs like iCivics, which was started by Sandra Day O'Conner U.S. Justice, provides educational tools for students that teach about the importance of actively taking part in democracy. Although some private schools offer courses geared to teach about the U.S. government and legal system, most public schools do not teach about the U.S. government until their junior or senior year in high school. To help bring these lessons into the classroom, O'Conner's program provides teachers with educational tools, such as printable goals, games, and various lesson plans.[27]
Arnett and Arneson define civility "a metaphor that points to the importance of public respect in interpersonal interaction."[28] The difference between tolerating someone, and respecting them are concerned with the outlook that toleration does not imply respect, but respect requires understanding of another person's perspective. Having social intelligence or "Social IQ" impacts our ability to empathize with people, and realize all people are human and that if respect or common ground cannot be met that we strive for at least toleration in order to be civil.
In Psychology Today, Price-Mitchell describes civility as a personal attitude that acknowledges other humans' rights to live and coexist together in a manner that does not harm others. The Psychology of civility indicates awareness, ability to control oneself's passions, as well as have a deeper understanding of others are a part of civil obligation, which everyone should strive to participate. This may suggest that civility goes beyond mere toleration, but may inherently imply a mutual co-existence and respect for humankind. Some may relate this to the ideas expressed by singer John Lennon in the song "Imagine", with the words "Imagine all the people sharing all the world." Although the level of peace can be a subjective topic, many people would agree that it requires a certain degree of harmony and opposes violence in order to remain civil.
In the academic journal Philosophy & Public Affairs, Calhoun delineates civility as an element of dialogue that sheds light on "basic moral attitudes of respect, tolerance, and considerateness".[29] The topic of civility is expansive, and can be viewed from many different perspectives. Calhoun considers civility to be a part of the moral virtues that can differ from what is socially acceptable, since what is socially acceptable is not always morally correct.
In the Washington Post, Peter Wehner, author and former deputy director of speechwriting for President George W. Bush, expressed three central points on how civility makes society function and noble. The first of these points illustrates that civility is what holds our families, communities, conversations, and establishments together.[30] In other words, civility is a strong force that enables civic cohesion and eliminates excuses for invective conversations or conflict. Wehner's second point suggests that civility is also an expression of a work of divine art and respect for all human beings.[31] In some ways this concept mirrors the words written in the United States Declaration of Independence on Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness in that all people are worthy of the inherent and unalienable respect of human dignity. The third point made by Wehner is that civility is an expression of epistemological humility where truth is not relative, but suggests that truth can cover a more widely spread understanding than what is preconceived or imagined.[32]
Masons and Civility
The Freemasons and members of the entire Masonic family, have had a long history of fostering civil dialogue and building civil societies. Masonic Lodges represent a peaceful assembly of people that are of different places of origin, languages, backgrounds, and beliefs. In particular, the principles and tenets of Freemasonry's values aim to promote and restore civility in the United States and around the globe. In 2015, Grand Master Charvonia of the Grand Lodge of California declared May 25, 2015 to be the "Champion Civility Month", which encouraged Freemasons throughout California to make an effort to bring more civility into their local lodges and community.[33] Additionally, Freemasons from around the world have been working to repair civility through the Masonic Family Civility Project. This Civility Project was built to help raise awareness of Civility, and by providing social conversations, civility resources, multimedia education, and information for anyone to access.[34]
On April 30 to May 1 of 2019, an Urgency of Civility Conference was hosted in Washington D.C. at the George Washington Masonic National Memorial on the 230th anniversary of the United States' first President, George Washington, Inaugural Address. Civility experts convened at the conference to discuss civility in arenas of government, education, media, community and the workplace. During the conference, Congressman Emanuel Cleaver II made a special presentation in recognition of Mrs. Virginia Forni and her late husband, Dr. P.M. Forni, for their efforts on the Johns Hopkins Civility Initiative.[35] Over the course of the two-day civility conference, advocates of civility shared their thoughts, ideas, and efforts to promote civility in various sectors. It became clear that each of these groups could make a positive difference through collaborative efforts and coming together to focus on projects to inspire civility. Further discussions revealed that definition of civility can be defined in many ways, but the key takeaway was the importance of restoring civility has never been more significant. Attendees worked together to form action items required to help further civility initiatives, including innovative thinking, engaging the community, and maintaining steadfast persistence.[36]
In the workplace
Recent studies and polls from 2014 indicate that Americans find workplace incivility to be a growing problem that has had a negative impact on them and their duties at work. One study's research suggests 60% of employees think that their co-workers' irritating habits to have negatively affected them at their job. In the same study, 40% reported that they are looking for another job opportunity because of another negative co-worker. These studies suggest that incivility in the workplace dampens productivity and an adverse effect on an organization's bottom line.[37] Although this data is only looking to quantify how widespread workplace incivility is in the workplace, it does not account for how many people encounter workplace incivility and are not sure what they can do about it. Furthermore, it is not taking into consideration how many of these workplaces have civility tools or initiatives at the researched companies.
Numerous organizations, including the United States government, have actively attempted to put in place measures to prevent incivility in the workforce. One measure that was initiated to reduce workplace incivility, was processing cases of sexual harassment to be illegal, which is defined by the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) as being against the law in every state to harass any person during the employment or hiring process because of that person's gender. Harassment can include "sexual harassment", but is not limited to workplace bullying, cyber bullying, physical and verbal threats.[38] Although many would agree that sexual harassment is an issue that should be illegal, it has really been in the spotlight of the attention in the U.S. since 1964. Because of the legal ramifications from poor prior classification of sexual harassment cases in the past, its boundaries were more loosely interpreted and more people were subject to unwanted contact or attention. Since this the term has been redefined, people are greater protected from a legal perspective in their place of work, but must actively participate in preventing these issues by speaking up and/or reporting issues. The definition for these laws are still being written today, as more people are speaking out against the abuse.
Organizational Behavior
Human Resource managers are becoming increasingly more aware of the effects of social behavior in the workplace. Inappropriate workplace behavior has led HR personnel to pay more attention to problems arising from incivility, bullying, and abusive supervision within organizations. Research has concluded that incivility can have a negative impact of organizational behavior, including: decreased satisfaction, reduced job performance, increased perceptions of injustice, increased depression, and can lead to employees to experience psychological withdrawal.[39]
More organizations are getting involved in improving their workplaces by reducing incident rates and limiting liability. Some companies are offering their employees civility training specifically geared to foster civility by facilitating conversations about it and enforcing the reduction of incivility on a perpetual basis. Research has indicated that civility training has shown a positive increase in respect, job satisfaction, overall trust, while effects of incivility, cynicism, and employee absenteeism decreased.[40] The results of the research suggests civility training can improve the overall workplace climate, foster a culture of positive behaviors, and minimize workplace issues.
On Wikipedia
Wikipedia has a set of Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines documents to help govern the site, provide best practices, resolve conflicts, and foster a safe environment for reliable information. To achieve this chief aim, Wikipedia has set forth twelve conduct policies to ensure the site and content's integrity, which includes Wikipedia:Civility, Consensus, Dispute Resolution, Harrasement, No Personal Attacks, Ownership of content, Sock Puppetry, Vandalism, and more. Within Wikipedia's guidelines, Civility is listed as one if its Five Pillars. Within the Wikipedia page on Civility, it talks about the importance of cooperation and civility, avoiding incivility, identifying incivility, and actively participating in removing uncivil comments. The internal guidelines also encourages editors to be cooperative within reason, to show constraint in not ever making any personal attacks, to make sure all site content conforms to and abides by all of the Wikipedia policies, and to show decency and good-faith in replying to questions that are reasonably asked. The policy tries to enact and espouse a culture where fellow editors act with civility and respect each other's work. On the surface, it appears that the guidelines appear to enact the concept of the Golden Rule. The actual guidelines however go beyond the ethic of reciprocity by creating and facilitating an environment where it is the responsibility of everyone to do the right thing, not just because we want to be treated better, but because it is the right thing to do. Furthermore, the platform encourages editors to welcome new users who contributes constructively with courtesy, kindness, and patience, but also realizing when a non-constructive newcomer is being uncivil and the need for that behavior to be politely discouraged.
In Canada
In July 2012, the President of the Federation of Law Societies of Canada made a strong point on civility at the 5th Biennial International Legal Ethics Conference.[41] Legislation is often very open for interpretation, unless strictly and prohibitively defined by law, but in most cases where the law is yet to be defined many lawyers can see opportunity to act immorally to win their case. The "anything to get the job done" mentality can not only have negative consequences in the legal system, but it could possibly further spread the potential for laws and regulations to be exploited in immoral manner.
Additionally, during 2012, the Law Society of Upper Canada decided that Joe Groia was guilty of his incivility to opposing counsel during his successful defense of John Felderhof from Insider trading and securities charges. On the same case, the Supreme Court of Canada confirmed the decision of Bar of Quebec that Giles Dore was guilty of professional misconduct because of an uncivil letter he wrote to a judge. This high-profile case brought a lot of attention to the legal definition of the word civility, and what it means to be civil in the legal profession. It has since defined a broader set of rules of what is legally considered civil in the court of law in Canada.
Since the case with Joe Groia, The Law Society of Upper Canada has launched several initiatives to guard against incivility in the Canadian legal profession. To enforce The Law Society's stance on the issues of civility in the Canadian legal system, they have issued verbal warnings to lawyers who are not civil with judges and other lawyers. The counter argument against civility measures in if the new guidelines inhibit their ability to defend their clients.[42] Since laws and rules are often open to interpretation, some lawyers consider it a conflict of interest to be civil with their opponents as they do not believe there is any way to accomplish their goals while remaining civil.
In January 2017, the BC & Yukon Freemasons in Canada stated civility being like The Golden Rule, defined as "treating others as you would want them to treat you". This statement was in part to a recent civility initiative grounded in respect and attitude of inclusiveness with family, community, and the society at large.[43]
In New Zealand
At a recent address with Gisborne's top businesswomen in early 2016, Lara Meyer an adviser to the Australian Government cited incivility in the workplace has cost New Zealand approximately $15 Million a year. Noting that Australia is also losing out about $26 Million a year due to a lack of workplace civility.[44] There could even potentially be more loss that is unaccounted for in New Zealand businesses, as the cost of rudeness could be holding them back from working together more politely and agreeably.
In Hungary
Civil Összefogás Fórum (Civil Cooperation Forum), founded on April 5, 2009, is a kind of umbrella organisation for numerous community groups throughout Hungary.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ "Definition of CIVILITY". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
- ^ Gundersen, Adolf G., PhD, and Suzanne Goodney Lea, PhD (March 14, 2013). "Let's Talk Politics: Restoring Civility through Exploratory Discussion. [publisher=Interactivity Foundation, Parkersburg, WV]".
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|url=
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Why Civility Matters". 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
- ^ "Why The Key to Civility is Empathy". 2018-02-08. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
- ^ "Incivility in Political Discourse (The Coming Apogee of the Moonbat Hordes)". InDC Journal. 2004-10-13. Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
- ^ "Bush Appeals for Civility in GOP Race". US News. 2015-07-28. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
- ^ "Hack Harassment". 2016-01-17. Retrieved 2016-01-17.
- ^ "Americans believe civility is on the decline". The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research at the University of Chicago. 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
- ^ "International Day of Peace". 2015. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
International Day of Peace (Also referred to as "Peace Day") is observed around the world each year on 21st of September. Established in 1981 by resolution 36/37, the United Nations General Assembly declared this day devoted to strengthening the ideals of peace, both within and among all nations and peoples. Furthering the Day's mission, the General Assembly voted unanimously in 2001 to adopt resolution 55/282 establishing 21 September as an annual day of non-violence and cease-fire.
- ^ Information about indicators and methodology "2014 Global Peace Index" (PDF). Institute for Economics and Peace. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-21. Retrieved 2015-06-02.
- ^ Levine, Peter (2013). We Are the Ones We Have Been Waiting For: The Promise of Civic Renewal in America (Kindle, first ed.). Oxford University Press. ASIN B00F51ZXII.
- ^ Ray Williams (July 15, 2012). "The Rise of Incivility and Bullying in America". Psychology Today. Retrieved August 7, 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Ray Williams (January 28, 2016). "Nearly All Likely Voters Say Candidates' Civility Will Affect Their Vote; New Poll Finds 93% Say Behavior Will Matter". Weber Shandwick. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
- ^ Administrative Office of the Courts (March 2011). "California Judicial Branch Outreach to Students:Highlights" (PDF). California Judicial Branch. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
- ^ PennState University (2017). "University Libraries Civility Statement and Guidelines". Penn State University Libraries. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
- ^ University of Missouri (2015). "Civility, You, and Mizzou". University of Missouri. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
- ^ "The Civility Project". civilityproject.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
- ^ User, Administrative. "JHU Dr. Forni's Civility Website". krieger.jhu.edu. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
{{cite web}}
:|last1=
has generic name (help) - ^ "UW Oshkosh CivilityWorks". CivilityWorks. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
- ^ Relations, Written by Sandra Lanman. "Rutgers Project Advances Civility on Campus and Beyond". Rutgers University, School of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
- ^ "What is Civility". www.american.edu. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
- ^ Student Life and Leadership California State University San Marcos (2015). "The Civility Campaign". California State University San Marcos. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
- ^ Arizona State University (2017). "Certificate in Civil Communication". Arizona State University. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
- ^ Kansas State University (2017). "Institute for Civic Discourse and Democracy". Kansas State University. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
- ^ Civility Center (2015). "The Civility Center Toolkit & Resources". Civility Center 501(c)(3). Retrieved May 24, 2017.
- ^ National Coalition for Dialogue & Deliberation (2015). "What We're All About". NATIONAL COALITION FOR DIALOGUE & DELIBERATION. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
- ^ iCivics (2015). "Our Story". iCivics. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
- ^ Arnett, Arneson, Ronald, Pat (September 30, 1999). Dialogic Civility in a Cynical Age: Community, Hope, and Interpersonal Relationships. State University of New York Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0791443262.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Calhoun, Cheshire. "The Virtue of Civility". Philosophy & Public Affairs. 251-275.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Gerson, Michael. "Civility doesn't just make our system function - it also makes it noble". Washington Post. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
- ^ Gerson, Michael. "Civility doesn't just make our system function - it also makes it noble". Washington Post. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
- ^ Gerson, Michael. "Civility doesn't just make our system function - it also makes it noble". Washington Post. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
- ^ Freemason.org (May 2015). "Champion Civility This May". Freemason.org. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
- ^ Masonic Family Civility Project (December 2017). "Using Masonic Values to Promote Civility". masoniccivility.org. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
- ^ The Urgency of Civility (May 2019). ""Urgency of Civility" conference Held in Washington DC". civilityconvening.org. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
- ^ The Urgency of Civility (May 2019). "Civility was Rediscovered and Redefined". civilityconvening.org. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
- ^ Barbara Richman (May 28, 2014). "Ten Tips for Creating Respect and Civility in Your Workplace". Lorman. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
- ^ "Sexual Harassment". U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
- ^ S. Lim and A. Lee (2011). "Work and nonwork outcomes of workplace incivility: Does family support help?". Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 16 (1): 95–111. doi:10.1037/a0021726. PMID 21280947.
- ^ M. P. Leiter, H. K. S. Laschinger, A. Day, and D. G. Oore (2011). "The Impact of Civility Interventions on Employee Social Behavior, Distress, and Attitudes". The Journal of Applied Psychology. 96 (6). Journal of Applied Psychology, Advance Online Publication: 1258–1274. doi:10.1037/a0024442. PMID 21744942.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Wooley, Alice (2013). "'Uncivil by Too Much Civility'? Critiquing Five More Years of Civility Regulation in Canada". Dalhousie Law Journal. 36 (1): 239. SSRN 2186930.
- ^ "Has the so-called civility movement already won?". National Magazine. 2015-01-28. Archived from the original on 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
- ^ Freemason's Civility Initiative Outline by BC and Yukon Freemasons- 2017 (PDF). Masonic Civility. January 20, 2017.
Civility can simply be defined as treating others as you would want them to treat you.
- ^ "Counting the cost of rudeness". The Gisborne Herald. 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
Further reading
- Benet Davetian, Civility: A Cultural History, University of Toronto Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8020-9722-4
- Eiko Ikegami, Bonds of Civility, February 2005, ISBN 9780521601153
- Digby Anderson, editor (1996) Gentility Recalled: Mere Manners and the Making of Social Order, May 1996, ISBN 978-0907631668
- Elijah Anderson, The Cosmospolitan Canopy: Race and Civility in Everyday Life, February 28, 2012, ISBN 978-0393340518
- George Washington, Rules of Civility & Decent Behavior in Company and Conversation
- Godfrey Harris, Civility: How It Fosters Better Communities, Jun 2003, ISBN 978-0935047448
- John Perkins, Restoring At-Risk Communities: Doing It Together and Doing It Right, Nov 1 2011, ISBN 978-0801054631
- Kent Roberts & Jay Newman, Bring a Dish to Pass: The Civil Action of Community Improvement, 2001
- Mark Kingwell, Unruly Voices: Essays on Democracy, Civility and the Human Imagination, September 11, 2012, ISBN 978-1926845845
- Os Guinness, The Case for Civility: And Why Our Future Depends on It, January 22, 2008, ISBN 978-0061353437
- P. M. Forni. Choosing Civility: The 25 Rules of Considerate Conduct
- P. M. Forni. The Civility Solution: What to Do When People Are Rude
- P. M. Forni. Choosing Civility: The Twenty-five Rules of Considerate Conduct, St. Martin's Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-312-28118-2
- Paul A. Elsner and George R. Boggs, Encouraging Civility as a Community College Leader
- Rules of Civility: The 110 Precepts That Guided Our First President in War and Peace
- Stephen Carter, Civility, Feb 13 1999, ISBN 978-0060977597
- Stephen L. Carter (1998) Civility: Manners, Morals, and the Etiquette of Democracy, Basic Books, 1998, ISBN 978-0-465-02384-4
- T.S. Bogorad. The Importance of Civility
- Walter Earl Fluker, Ethical Leadership: The Quest For Character, Civility, and Community, Feb 1 2009, ISBN 978-0800663490
External links
Media related to Civilitics at Wikimedia Commons