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Luminar Technologies

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Luminar Technologies Inc.
Company typePrivate
IndustryAutomotive Autonomous Cars
FoundedDecember 2012; 11 years ago (2012-12)
FounderAustin Russell
Headquarters
Orlando, Florida
,
U.S.
Number of locations
Palo Alto, California, Orlando, Florida, Colorado Springs, Colorado, Detroit, Michigan
Area served
Worldwide
ProductsPrototype, HYDRA, IRIS
Number of employees
350 (2020)
Websitewww.luminartech.com

Luminar Technologies Inc. develops vision-based self-driving car lidar and machine perception technologies primarily for the automotive market. The company’s headquarters and main R&D facilities are in Orlando, FL, and key business operations in Palo Alto, CA. Luminar holds over 80 patents related to LiDAR technology.[1]

Company History

Early Years

Luminar Technologies was founded in 2012 by then 17-year old Austin Russell, a 2013 Thiel Fellow, with a strong interest in optics, lasers and machine vision. His goal was to understand how these technologies could best be applied to autonomous driving. The company spent its first five years in “deep stealth”.[2]

Russel began with a rethink of of existing LiDAR technology. He set a goal of building an entirely new integrated system from scratch with at least fifty times more resolution and ten times more range than the existing standard. That meant fabricating many components in-house, rather than relying on off-the-shelf components.[3]

He came to realize that unless automotive LiDAR could deliver completely reliable real-time image and interpretation of the road ahead for at least two hundred meters in the dark, with just 10 percent reflectivity, it could not be safe. Two hundred meters gives a car seven seconds to react while traveling at highway speeds. Many existing systems only had a 2-second margin. This requirement in turn led to a rethink of the operating wavelength that LiDAR systems should use.[4]

While most competing LiDAR devices operate at 905 nanometers because it is close to the visible spectrum and simulates what is seen by human vision, Russell discovered that it also had serious limitations, the most important being that it could damage human vision. Safety regulations limit the amount of radiation that can be used at 905 nanometers. Instead, he moved the wavelength for his devices up into the infrared range to 1,550 nanometers (153 terahertz). This wavelength can be used at sixtyfold greater power levels without endangering eyesight.[5]

Next, Russell and his team examined the architecture of traditional LiDAR systems. Rather than using multiple lasers, Luminar uses a single laser that raster-scans an image thousands of times a second, in a manner similar to the cathode ray tube in analog television.

Russell designed Luminar's LiDAR devices with the vision system and interpretive processing integrated into one unit, in a manner similar to human vision. This entailed the use of indium gallium arsenide for their chips, rather than the conventional silicon. That enabled the lasers to be implemented on the same substrate as the computational element. Other systems often link the sensor system and processor technology with costly analog-to-digital converters. This rethink of LiDAR technology brought Luminar to its 7th generation Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) design and a fully integrated technology stack.[6][7][8]

Company emerges from stealth

Having reached Russel's performance goals for a reliable LiDAR system, Luminar emerged from stealth mode in 2017 and revealed plans to manufacture 10,000 automotive LiDAR devices. At the same time, the company announced it had received $36 million in series A funding. Major investors included Canvas Ventures, GVA Capital, and 1517 Fund. The capital was earmarked to setup a factory in Orlando to build the devices. These first 10,000 units were slated for automakers and tech companies involved in autonomous car research.[9] [10][11]

TRI Partnership

In September of 2017, Luminar announced a partnership with the Toyota Research Institute (TRI), the research and development arm of the global automaker which examines autonomous vehicle, AI and robotics technologies. TRI will use Luminar devices in its Platform 2.1 autonomous test vehicles, and will be tested at Toyota R&D facilities throughout the United States.[12][13]

Black Forest Engineering

Luminar added a Colorado Springs location in April of 2018 when it acquired Black Forest Engineering, a company which specializes in high-performance [Indium gallium arsenide] (InGaAs) receivers which are used to detect the 1550 nm light around which the Luminar LiDAR systems are based.[14]

Volvo partnership

In June of 2018, Volvo and Luminar announced a partnership where Luminar would provide LiDAR technology for Volvo's self-driving cars set to debut in the 2022 model year. Unlike the large units with multiple spinning lasers used in many self-driving vehicles, Luminar's Hydra LiDAR for Volvo is about the size of a VCR tape and is integrated smoothly into the car’s roof, just above the windshield. Hydra will be optimized for highway driving. Luminar's system includes over-the-air software upgrades, and could be interfaced with Volvo's other automatic safety features such as automatic emergency braking and moose avoidance.

At the same time the partnership was announced, Volvo stated that Luminar was the recipient of its first investment from a newly established venture-capital program, the Volvo Cars Tech Fund. The amount of Volvo's investment was not disclosed.

[15][16] [17][18]

Audi AID partnership

Audi AID (Autonomous Intelligent Driving) announced a partnership with Luminar in December 2018. A spokesman for AID said the decision was based largely on how far Luminar's devices can see (about 250 meters) as well as their resolution.[19]

$100 million new funding

July of 2019 saw Luminar announce that the company had raised $100 million in additional funding. Key investors in this round included G2VP, Moore Strategic Ventures, LLC, Nick Woodman and The Westly Group. This round boosted Luminar’s total capital raised to more than $250 million. [20]

Volvo adds Luminar technology

In May 2020, Volvo announced that it would release a self-driving highway feature named “Highway Pilot,” to be powered by Luminar’s LiDAR and perception technology. This is scheduled to be part of its next big platform update, the Scalable Product Architecture (SPA2), which will arrive with the next-generation XC90 SUV in 2022.

In addition to the Highway Pilot feature, Volvo said it is also considering using Luminar’s LiDAR to boost future versions of its ADAS, with the potential for equipping all future SPA2-based cars with a LiDAR sensor as standard.[21]

Luminar goes public

On August 24, 2020, Luminar announced it was going public through a special-purpose acquisition company(SPAC) deal, and plans to list its shares on Nasdaq. The merger with Gores Metropoulos, part of The Gores Group, will raise Luminar's market cap to an estimated $3.4 billion. In addition to the $400 million cash infusion from Gores Metropoulos, additional capital totaling $170 million came from Peter Thiel, the Volvo Cars Tech Fund and Alec Gores, among others.[22][23]

Products

Iris

Iris was announced in May of 2020. This new platform combines Luminar’s latest-generation laser sensor and software. Iris can be installed in a vehicle as essentially a plug and play upgrade. It has a range of 250 meters, and up to 500 meters for larger objects. Weighing less than two pounds, Iris operates with a single LiDAR sensor seamlessly integrated into the top of the windshield, rather than the multiple spinning sensors used on most self-driving cars.[24]

Hydra

At the 2020 Consumer Electronics Show, Luminar unveiled Hydra, a LiDAR sensor which will be made available to automaker partners for a recurring fee, a new concept in the automotive technology industry. Hydra is designed for highway driving and features road tracking out to 80 meters, lanes to 150 meters, and objects to 250 meters. Bundled with Hydra is Luminar’s new perception computer, a reference design powered by Nvidia’s Xavier hardware, which consumes only 30 watts, less than an average television, according to the company. It features velocity point cloud attributes at both the point and object level. Hydra is marketed to companies seeking to enable driver-assist features or highway pilots involving Level 3 and 4 systems.[25][26]

Level 3 systems can take over all driving functions under certain circumstances. The less-complex highway environment is the most common application. Level 4 systems do not need a driver because the vehicle is prepared for every situation, and the driver is really a passenger.[27]

Hydra is also capable of LiDAR super-resolution. That means it includes advanced interlacing and adaptive scanning capabilities which increase the effective resolution at frame rates as high as 20Hz to 30Hz. It’s also able to perform frame-level instance detection of objects, lane markings, and road surfaces, and each point in the point clouds it creates contains an object class attribute that enables tracking algorithms.[28][29]

Prototype

In April 2017, Luminar unveiled its prototype, also referred to as Model G 3D LiDAR. Its new Si-InGaAs hybrid ASIC technology delivered an order-of-magnitude improvement in performance as well as lower cost than other InGaAs receivers. It is the first dynamically configurable system operating at 1550 nm.[30][31][32]

Competitors

Luminar competes in the automotive industry with Tier 1 suppliers, as well as other tech companies like Waymo. There are also competitors at the LiDAR component level developing for ADAS and/or near-field sensing including Innoviz, LeddarTech, Ouster and Velodyne.

Awards

  • Luminar Technologies received a 2018 Prism Award for Photonic Innovation. The annual awards are presented by SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics, and sponsored by Photonics Media. The award was in the category Imaging and Cameras, and presented for Luminar's Model G 3D LiDAR. Its sensor architecture delivers more than one million data points per second, with each point capable of reliably detecting less than 10% reflective targets at more than 200 meters away. It simultaneously achieves 38× greater spatial resolution and 6× farther range than most existing systems. The new architecture features a single laser and detector pair to rapidly collect information from the environment while remaining eye safe. Its sensor operates at 1550 nm, which requires InGaAs. A new Si-InGaAs hybrid ASIC is involved, with an order-of-magnitude higher performance and lower cost than other InGaAs receivers. The Model-G 3D LiDAR is the first dynamically configurable system operating at 1550 nm.[33][34]

External Links

  • Official website
  • "Patents owned by Luminar Technologies Inc". US Patent & Trademark Office. Retrieved July 17, 2020.</ref>

Supplemental Material

Patents

Luminar Technologies has been awarded over 80 patents related to LiDAR technology:

Protecting detector in a lidar system using off-axis illumination [35]

Detecting distortion using known shapes[36]

Combining lidar and camera data[37]

Synchronized multiple sensor head system for a vehicle[38]

Manufacturing a balanced polygon mirror[39]

Cross-talk mitigation using wavelength switching[40]

Sizing the field of view of a detector to improve operation of a lidar system[41]

Controlling vehicle sensors based on dynamic objects[42]

Adjustable pulse characteristics for ground detection in lidar systems[43]

Early fusion of lidar return data with camera information[44]

Time varying gain in an optical detector operating in a lidar system[45]

Controlling an autonomous vehicle using cost maps[46]

Camera-gated lidar system[47]

Lidar system with distributed laser and multiple sensor heads[48]

Lidar system with a polygon mirror and a noise-reducing feature[49]

Lidar system with range-ambiguity mitigation[50]

Low profile lidar scanner with polygon mirror[51]

Lidar system[52]

Lidar system with improved signal-to-noise ratio in the presence of solar background noise[53]

Dual-mode lidar system[54]

Fitting points to a surface[55]

LIDAR transmitter and detector system using pulse encoding to reduce range ambiguity[56]

Determining distortion by tracking objects across successive frames[57]

Object identification and labeling tool for training autonomous vehicle controllers[58]

Pulsed laser for lidar system[59]

Training a machine learning based model of a vehicle perception component based on sensor settings [60]

Controlling vehicle sensors based on road configuration[61]

Controlling an autonomous vehicle based on independent driving decisions[62]

Scan sensors on the exterior surfaces of a vehicle[63]

Post-processing by lidar system guided by camera information[64]

Lidar system with improved scanning speed for high-resolution depth mapping[65]

Autonomous vehicle technology for facilitating safe stopping according to separate paths[66]

Adjusting area of focus of vehicle sensors by controlling spatial distributions of scan lines[67]

Monitoring rotation of a mirror in a lidar system[68]

Sensor system augmented with thermal sensor object confirmation[69]

Solid-state laser for lidar system[70]

Non-uniform beam power distribution for a laser operating in a vehicle[71]

Lidar receiver with multiple detectors for range-ambiguity mitigation[72]

Autonomous vehicle technology for facilitating operation according to motion primitives[73]

Fiber-optic amplifier[74]

Dynamic vision sensor to direct lidar scanning[75]

Detecting distortion using other sensors[76]

Lidar system with optical trigger[77]

Processing point clouds of vehicle sensors having variable scan line distributions using two-dimensional interpolation and distance thresholding [78]

Transceiver apparatus, method and applications[79]

Reducing audio noise in a lidar scanner with a polygon mirror[80]

Multi-beam lidar system with polygon mirror[81]

Concurrent scan of multiple pixels in a lidar system equipped with a polygon mirror[82]

Reducing the number of false detections in a lidar system[83]

Object identification and labeling tool for training autonomous vehicle controllers[84]

Lidar detector having a plurality of time to digital converters integrated onto a detector chip[85]

Pulse timing based on angle of view[86]

Scan patterns for lidar systems[87]

Compensating for the vibration of the vehicle[88]

Dynamically varying laser output in a vehicle in view of weather conditions[89]

Lidar receiver calibration[90]

Optical amplifier with multi-wavelength pumping[91]

Fiber laser with free-space components[92]

Adaptive pulse rate in a lidar system[93]

Optical resolution in front of a vehicle[94]

Object identification and labeling tool for training autonomous vehicle controllers[95]

Object identification and labeling tool for training autonomous vehicle controllers[96]

Object identification and labeling tool for training autonomous vehicle controllers[97]

Time varying gain in an optical detector operating in a lidar system[98]

Optical detector having a bandpass filter in a lidar system[99]

Method for dynamically controlling laser power[100]

Multispectral lidar system[101]

Controlling pulse timing to compensate for motor dynamics[102]

Diffractive optical element in a lidar system to correct for backscan[103]

Lidar system[104]

Active short-wave infrared four-dimensional camera[105]

Fiber laser with free-space components[106]

Cross-talk mitigation using wavelength switching[107]

Lidar system[108]

Self-Raman laser for lidar system[109]

Lidar system with improved scanning speed for high-resolution depth mapping[110]

Lidar system[111]

Scan patterns for lidar systems[112]

Lidar system[113]

Lidar system with improved scanning speed for high-resolution depth mapping[114]

Lidar system[115]

Pulsed laser for lidar system[116]

Optical parametric oscillator for lidar system[117]

Q-switched laser for LIDAR system[118]

Lidar system with distributed laser and multiple sensor heads[119]

References

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  36. ^ Luminar Technologies (June 9, 2020). "Detecting distortion using known shapes". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  37. ^ Luminar technologies (June 9, 2020). "Combining lidar and camera data". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  38. ^ Luminar Technologies (May 26, 2020). "Synchronized multiple sensor head system for a vehicle". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  39. ^ Luminar Technologies (May 26, 2020). "Manufacturing a balanced polygon mirror". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  40. ^ Luminar Technologies (May 26, 2020). "Cross-talk mitigation using wavelength switching". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  41. ^ Luminar Technologies (May 6, 2020). "Sizing the field of view of a detector to improve operation of a lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  42. ^ Luminar Technologies (April 21, 2020). "Controlling vehicle sensors based on dynamic objects". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  43. ^ Luminar Technologies (April 21, 2020). "Adjustable pulse characteristics for ground detection in lidar systems". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  44. ^ Luminar Technologies (April 21, 2020). "Early fusion of lidar return data with camera information". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  45. ^ Luminar Technologies (April 21, 2020). "Time varying gain in an optical detector operating in a lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  46. ^ Luminar Technologies (March 31, 2020). "Controlling an autonomous vehicle using cost maps". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  47. ^ Luminar Technologies (March 17, 2020). "Camera-gated lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  48. ^ Luminar Technologies (March 17, 2020). "Lidar system with distributed laser and multiple sensor heads". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  49. ^ Luminar Technologies (March 3, 2020). "Lidar system with a polygon mirror and a noise-reducing feature". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  50. ^ Luminar Technologies (February 25, 2020). "Lidar system with range-ambiguity mitigation". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  51. ^ Luminar Technologies (February 25, 2020). "Low profile lidar scanner with polygon mirror". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  52. ^ Luminar Technologies (February 7, 2020). "Lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  53. ^ Luminar Technologies (February 11, 2020). "Lidar system with improved signal-to-noise ratio in the presence of solar background noise". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  54. ^ Luminar Technologies (February 4, 2020). "Dual-mode lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  55. ^ Luminar Technologies (February 4, 2020). "Fitting points to a surface". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  56. ^ Luminar Technologies (January 28, 2020). "LIDAR transmitter and detector system using pulse encoding to reduce range ambiguity". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  57. ^ Luminar Technologies (January 21, 2020). "Determining distortion by tracking objects across successive frames". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  58. ^ Luminar Technologies (January 14, 2020). "Object identification and labeling tool for training autonomous vehicle controllers". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  59. ^ Luminar Technologies (December 31, 2019). "Pulsed laser for lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
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  63. ^ Luminar Technologies (December 10, 2020). "Scan sensors on the exterior surfaces of a vehicle". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  64. ^ Luminar Technologies (November 26, 2019). "Post-processing by lidar system guided by camera information". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  65. ^ Luminar Technologies (November 26, 2019). "Lidar system with improved scanning speed for high-resolution depth mapping". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  66. ^ Luminar Technologies (November 19, 2020). "Autonomous vehicle technology for facilitating safe stopping according to separate paths". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
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  68. ^ Luminar Technologies (October 22, 2019). "Monitoring rotation of a mirror in a lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  69. ^ Luminar Technologies (October 15, 2019). "Sensor system augmented with thermal sensor object confirmation". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  70. ^ Luminar Technologies (September 17, 2019). "Solid-state laser for lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  71. ^ Luminar Technologies (September 3, 2019). "Non-uniform beam power distribution for a laser operating in a vehicle". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  72. ^ Luminar Technologies (September 3, 2019). "Lidar receiver with multiple detectors for range-ambiguity mitigation". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  73. ^ Luminar Technologies (August 27, 2019). "Autonomous vehicle technology for facilitating operation according to motion primitives". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  74. ^ Luminar Technologies (July 9, 2019). "Fiber-optic amplifier". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  75. ^ Luminar Technologies (July 9, 2019). "Dynamic vision sensor to direct lidar scanning". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  76. ^ Luminar Technologies (July 9, 2019). "Detecting distortion using other sensors". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  77. ^ Luminar Technologies (July 2, 2019). "Lidar system with optical trigger". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  78. ^ Luminar Technologies (July 2, 2019). "Processing point clouds of vehicle sensors having variable scan line distributions using two-dimensional interpolation and distance thresholding". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  79. ^ Luminar Technologies (July 2, 2019). "Transceiver apparatus, method and applications". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
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  81. ^ Luminar Technologies (June 18, 2019). "Multi-beam lidar system with polygon mirror". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  82. ^ Luminar Technologies (June 4, 2019). "Concurrent scan of multiple pixels in a lidar system equipped with a polygon mirror". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  83. ^ Luminar Technologies (May 21, 2019). "Reducing the number of false detections in a lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  84. ^ Luminar Technologies (April 30, 2019). "Object identification and labeling tool for training autonomous vehicle controllers". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
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  86. ^ Luminar Technologies (April 12, 2020). "Pulse timing based on angle of view". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  87. ^ Luminar Technologies (April 23, 2019). "Scan patterns for lidar systems". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  88. ^ Luminar Technologies (March 8, 2019). "Compensating for the vibration of the vehicle". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  89. ^ Luminar Technologies (April 9, 2019). "Dynamically varying laser output in a vehicle in view of weather conditions". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  90. ^ Luminar Technologies (March 26, 2019). "Lidar receiver calibration". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  91. ^ Luminar Technologies (February 19, 2019). "Optical amplifier with multi-wavelength pumping". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  92. ^ Luminar Technologies (February 19, 2019). "Fiber laser with free-space components". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  93. ^ Luminar Technologies (February 19, 2019). "Adaptive pulse rate in a lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  94. ^ Luminar Technologies (January 29, 2019). "Optical resolution in front of a vehicle". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
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  99. ^ Luminar Technologies (November 26, 2018). "Optical detector having a bandpass filter in a lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  100. ^ Luminar Technologies (October 30, 2018). "Method for dynamically controlling laser power". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  101. ^ Luminar Technologies (October 9, 2018). "Multispectral lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  102. ^ Luminar Technologies (October 2, 2018). "Controlling pulse timing to compensate for motor dynamics". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  103. ^ Luminar Technologies (August 28, 2018). "Diffractive optical element in a lidar system to correct for backscan". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  104. ^ Luminar Technologies (July 3, 2018). "Lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  105. ^ Luminar Technologies (June 26, 2018). "Active short-wave infrared four-dimensional camera". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  106. ^ Luminar Technologies (June 19, 2018). "Fiber laser with free-space components". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  107. ^ Luminar Technologies (June 5, 2018). "Cross-talk mitigation using wavelength switching". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  108. ^ Luminar Technologies (May 1, 2018). "Lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  109. ^ Luminar Technologies (February 27, 2018). "Self-Raman laser for lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  110. ^ Luminar Technologies (February 20, 2018). "Lidar system with improved scanning speed for high-resolution depth mapping". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  111. ^ Luminar Technologies (January 23, 2018). "Lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  112. ^ Luminar Technologies (January 16, 2018). "Scan patterns for lidar systems". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  113. ^ Luminar Technologies (January 2, 2018). "Lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  114. ^ Luminar Technologies (December 12, 2017). "Lidar system with improved scanning speed for high-resolution depth mapping". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  115. ^ Luminar Technologies (November 21, 2017). "Lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  116. ^ Luminar Technologies (November 7, 2017). "Pulsed laser for lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  117. ^ Luminar Technologies (November 7, 2017). "Optical parametric oscillator for lidar system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  118. ^ Luminar Technologies (November 7, 2018). "Q-switched laser for LIDAR system". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  119. ^ Luminar Technologies (October 31, 2017). "Lidar system with distributed laser and multiple sensor heads". USPTO. Retrieved July 17, 2020.

Category:Lidar Category:Laser companies Category:Self-driving cars Category:Privately held companies based in Florida Category:American companies established in 2012 Category:Technology companies established in 2012

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