Milbemycin oxime: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Chemical compound}}

| Verifiedfields = changed

| Watchedfields = changed

| verifiedrevid = 450771830

| image = Milbemycinoxime.png

<!-- Clinical data -->

| pronounce =

| tradename = Interceptor, others

| Drugs.com =

| MedlinePlus =

| DailyMedID = Milbemycin oxime

| pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->

| pregnancy_AU_comment =

| pregnancy_category=

| routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration|By mouth]]

| class =

| ATCvet = yes

| ATC_prefix = P54

| ATC_suffix = AB01

| ATC_supplemental =

<!-- Legal status -->

| legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled -->

| legal_AU_comment =

| legal_BR = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F -->

| legal_BR_comment =

| legal_CA = <!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->

| legal_CA_comment =

| legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled -->

| legal_DE_comment =

| legal_NZ = <!-- Class A, B, C -->

| legal_NZ_comment =

| legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C -->

| legal_UK_comment =

| legal_US = Rx-only

| legal_US_comment = <ref name="DailyMed">{{cite web | title=Interceptor Flavor Tabs- milbemycin oxime tablet | website=DailyMed | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=77a42e00-d311-4cae-9130-b75bb4b40864 | access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref>

| legal_EU =

| legal_EU_comment =

| legal_UN = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV -->

| legal_UN_comment =

| legal_status = <!-- For countries not listed above -->

<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->

| bioavailability = 5–10%

| protein_bound =

| metabolism = Liver

| elimination_half-life =

| excretion = [[Bile duct]]

<!--Identifiers-->

| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}

| CAS_number = 129496-10-2

| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}

| UNII = 0502PUN0GT

| PubChem =

| DrugBank_Ref =

| DrugBank =

<!--Chemical data-->

| IUPAC_name =

| chemical_formula = C₃₁H₄₃NO₇ (30%)<br />C₃₂H₄₅NO₇ (70%)

| molecular_weight = 541.68 g/mol (30%)<br />555.702 g/mol (70%)

| smiles =

'''Milbemycin oxime''', sold under the brand name '''Interceptor''' among others, is a [[veterinary medication]] from the group of [[milbemycin]]s, used as a broad spectrum [[antiparasitic]].<ref name="DailyMed" /> It is active against worms ([[anthelmintic]])<ref name="DailyMed" /> and mites ([[miticide]]).<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=22488596|year=2012|last1=Mueller|first1=R. S.|title=An update on the therapy of canine demodicosis|journal=Compendium (Yardley, Pa)|volume=34|issue=4|pages=E1-4}}</ref>

Milbemycins are products of [[fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]] by ''[[Streptomyces]]'' species. They have a similar mechanism of action, but a longer half-life than the avermectins. Milbemycin oxime is produced by ''[[Streptomyces hygroscopicus]] aureolacrimosus''. It opens [[glutamate]] sensitive [[chloride channel]]s in [[neuron]]s and [[myocyte]]s of [[invertebrate]]s, leading to [[hyperpolarization (biology)|hyperpolarisation]] of these cells and blocking of signal transfer.<ref name="Mehlhorn2008">{{cite book| vauthors = Mehlhorn H |title=Encyclopedia of Parasitology: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jpg1ysgVn-AC&pg=PA646|year=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-48994-8|page=646}}</ref>

Milbemycin oxime is active against a broad spectrum of [[nematode]]s. Its miticide spectrum includes ''[[Sarcoptes scabiei|Sarcoptes]]'' and ''[[Demodex]]''. The drug is FDA-approved for prevention of [[heartworm]] in dogs and cats,<ref>{{cite web|title=NADA 140-915 Interceptor – supplemental approval (September 9, 1996)|website=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|url=https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts/FOIADrugSummaries/ucm054860.htm}}</ref> although it is less potent against heartworms than [[ivermectin]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}

The substance is often combined with other parasiticides to achieve a broader spectrum of action. Such products include:{{cn|date=February 2023}}

* [[Milbemax]] and [[Interceptor Plus]] (with [[praziquantel]])

* [[Trifexis]] (with [[spinosad]])

* [[Nexgard Spectra]] (with [[afoxolaner]])

The drug has been used in marine [[Reef aquarium|reef aquaria]] to control parasitic [[Tegastidae]] copepod infestations on captive hard coral colonies. Other arthropod invertebrates will be killed by the treatment.<ref name="Roberts2011">{{cite book| vauthors = Roberts HE |title=Fundamentals of Ornamental Fish Health|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwydxKMbzz8C&pg=PT93|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-94948-0|pages=93–94}}</ref><ref name="Lewbart2011">{{cite book| vauthors = Lewbart GA |title=Invertebrate Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NaAMh8sEU4oC&pg=PA71|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-96078-3|page=71}}</ref>

The drug is usually tolerated well, but such side effects may occur such as vomiting, phlegming, and glassy eyes.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

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{{Endectocides}}

[[Category:Cat medications]]

[[Category:Dog medications]]