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Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply...

An ionic liquid (IL) is a salt in the liquid state at ambient conditions. In some contexts, the term has been restricted to salts whose melting point...

naproxen synthesis includes a coupling between a brominated naphthalene compound with ethylene: In the presence of an ionic liquid a Heck reaction proceeds...

intermediates in coupling reactions. Examples include Sonogashira coupling, Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling, Glaser coupling and Eglinton coupling. Some acetylides...

frequently used as catalysts in cross-coupling reactions such as the Sonogashira coupling and Suzuki reaction. Most ionic compounds of palladium involve the...

In atomic physics, close coupling is a quantum mechanics method to calculate the multi-electronic atomic and molecular structure from fine structure to...

The Ullmann reaction or Ullmann coupling, named after Fritz Ullmann, couples two aryl or alkyl groups with the help of copper. The reaction was first reported...

polaritons /pəˈlærɪtɒnz, poʊ-/ are bosonic quasiparticles resulting from strong coupling of electromagnetic waves (photon) with an electric or magnetic dipole-carrying...

hydrosilylations, etc. Cross-coupling reactions like the Suzuki coupling, Negishi coupling, and the Sonogashira coupling also proceed by oxidative addition...

Hund's coupling cases are idealized descriptions of rotational states in which specific terms in the molecular Hamiltonian and involving couplings between...

The ΔG values depend on the ionic strength I of the solution, as described by the Debye-Hückel equation, at zero ionic strength one observes ΔG = 8 kJ/mol...

activators which allows their use in dry environments. Ionic polymers also have a low electromechanical coupling. They are however ideal for bio-mimetic devices...

function in the cochlea. Another way to observe the gap junctions is using ionic coupling; this method was arrived at from the observation that the intracellular...

polariton is a type of quasiparticle that can form in a diatomic ionic crystal due to coupling of transverse optical phonons and photons. They are particular...

substitution (SNAr) with activated aryl halides. As a base in the cross-coupling reaction of aryl halides with terminal alkynes. It also plays a role in...

produce sufficient thrust for manned flight or useful loads. The principle of ionic wind propulsion with corona-generated charged particles was discovered soon...

the polaron radius to the lattice constant a. A conduction electron in an ionic crystal or a polar semiconductor is the prototype of a polaron. Herbert...

arenesulfonyl compound: The first and still main use of diazonium salts is azo coupling, which is exploited in the production of azo dyes. In some cases water-fast...

process for the synthesis of acetic acid from methyl iodide. Many cross coupling reactions proceed via oxidative addition as well. Electrophilic alkylating...

pacemaker is expected to fire at a fixed rate. Therefore, on ECG, the coupling intervals of the manifest ectopic beats will wander through the basic cycle...