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The '''brown recluse spider''' or '''violin spider''', '''''Loxosceles reclusa''''', is a well-known member of the family [[Sicariidae]] (formerly placed in a family "Loxoscelidae").
The '''brown recluse spider''' or '''violin spider''', '''''Loxosceles reclusa''''', is a well-known member of the family [[Sicariidae]] (formerly placed in a family "Loxoscelidae").


These creepy little bastards are usually between 6–20 mm (¼ in and ¾ in), but may grow larger. They may be brown or gray and usually have markings on the [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] side of their [[cephalothorax]], with a black line coming from it that looks like a [[violin]] with the neck of the violin pointing to the rear of the spider, resulting in the nicknames '''fiddleback spider''', '''brown fiddler''' or '''violin spider'''.
Brown recluse spiders are usually between 6–20 mm (¼ in and ¾ in), but may grow larger. They may be brown or gray and usually have markings on the [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] side of their [[cephalothorax]], with a black line coming from it that looks like a [[violin]] with the neck of the violin pointing to the rear of the spider, resulting in the nicknames '''fiddleback spider''', '''brown fiddler''' or '''violin spider'''.


==Description==
==Description==

Revision as of 21:11, 25 June 2010

Brown recluse spider
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Arachnida
Order:
Araneae
Family:
Sicariidae
Genus:
Loxosceles
Species:
L. reclusa
Binomial name
Loxosceles reclusa
Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940

The brown recluse spider or violin spider, Loxosceles reclusa, is a well-known member of the family Sicariidae (formerly placed in a family "Loxoscelidae").

Brown recluse spiders are usually between 6–20 mm (¼ in and ¾ in), but may grow larger. They may be brown or gray and usually have markings on the dorsal side of their cephalothorax, with a black line coming from it that looks like a violin with the neck of the violin pointing to the rear of the spider, resulting in the nicknames fiddleback spider, brown fiddler or violin spider.

Description

The brown recluse spider has three pairs of eyes.

Since the violin pattern is not diagnostic, and other spiders may have similar markings (such as cellar spiders and pirate spiders), for purposes of identification it is imperative to examine the eyes. Differing from most spiders, which have eight eyes, recluse spiders have six eyes arranged in pairs (dyads) with one median pair and two lateral pairs. Only a few other spiders have three pairs of eyes arranged in this way (e.g., scytodids), and recluses can be distinguished from these as there are no coloration patterns on the abdomen or legs, which lack spines.[1]

The abdomen is covered with fine short hairs. The leg joints may appear to be a slightly lighter color.

Behavior

A brown recluse's stance on a flat surface is usually with all legs well extended unless alarmed, when it may withdraw its forward two legs straight rearward into a defensive position, withdraw its rear pair of legs into a position for lunging forward, and raise the pedipalps.

Movement at virtually any speed is an evenly paced gait with legs extended, stopping naturally when renewing its internal hydraulic blood pressure (that, like most spiders, it requires to renew strength in the legs); it then continues at a steady pace until again it needs to renew its blood pressure.

When threatened it usually flees, seemingly to avoid a conflict, and if detained may further avoid contact with fast horizontal rotating movements.

Habitat

Recluse spiders build irregular webs that frequently include a shelter consisting of disorderly threads. These spiders frequently build their webs in woodpiles and sheds, closets, beds, garages, plenum, cellars and other places that are dry and generally undisturbed. They seem to favor cardboard when dwelling in human residences, possibly because it mimics the rotting tree bark which they inhabit naturally. They also have been encountered in shoes, inside dressers, in bed sheets of infrequently used beds, in stacks or piles of clothes, behind baseboards and pictures, and near sources of warmth when ambient temperatures are lower than usual. Human-recluse contact often is when such isolated spaces are disturbed and the spider feels threatened. Unlike most web weavers, they leave these webs at night to hunt. Males will move around more when hunting, while the female spiders tend to remain nearer to their webs.

Distribution

A Large Brown recluse compared to the size of a US penny

The brown recluse spider is native to the United States from the southern Midwest south to the Gulf of Mexico. The native range lies roughly south of a line from southeastern Nebraska through southern Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana to southwestern Ohio. In the southern states, it is native from central Texas to western Georgia and north to Kentucky[2][3]. A related species, the brown violin spider (Loxosceles rufescens), is found in Hawaii.[4] Despite many rumors to the contrary, the brown recluse spider has not established itself in California.[5] There are other species of Loxosceles native to the southwestern part of the United States, including California, that may resemble the brown recluse, but these species have never been documented as physiologically significant.

Venomous bite

As indicated by its name, this species is rarely aggressive. Actual brown recluse bites are rare. The spider usually bites only when pressed against the skin, such as when tangled up within clothes, bath towels, or in bedding. Many human victims of brown recluse bites report having been bitten after putting on clothes that had not recently been worn or disturbed.[6] In fact, many wounds that are necrotic and diagnosed as brown recluse bites can actually be methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)[6] or simple staphylococcus infections. Other causes include skin cancer, Lyme disease, and other infected insect bites and skin lesions. Brown recluse bites may produce a range of symptoms known as loxoscelism. There are two types of loxoscelism: cutaneous (skin) and systemic (viscerocutaneous).

Most bites are minor with no necrosis. However, a small number of bites produce severe dermonecrotic lesions, and, sometimes, severe systemic symptoms. These symptoms can include organ damage, and occasionally even death; most fatalities are in children under 7[7] or those with a weaker than normal immune system. (For a comparison of the toxicity of several kinds of spider bites, see the list of spiders having medically significant venom.)

A minority of brown recluse spider bites form a necrotizing ulcer that destroys soft tissue and may take months to heal, leaving deep scars. The damaged tissue will become gangrenous and eventually slough away. The initial bite frequently cannot be felt and there may be no pain, but over time the wound may grow to as large as 25 cm (10 inches) in extreme cases. Bites usually become painful and itchy within 2 to 8 hours; pain and other local effects worsen 12 to 36 hours after the bite with the necrosis developing over the next few days.[8]

Serious systemic effects may occur before this time, as the venom spreads throughout the body in minutes. Mild symptoms include nausea, vomiting, fever, rashes, and muscle and joint pain. Rarely more severe symptoms occur including hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.[9] Debilitated patients, the elderly, and children may be more susceptible to systemic loxoscelism. Deaths have been reported for both the brown recluse and the related South American species L. laeta[10] and L. intermedia.[citation needed] Other recluse species such as the desert recluse (found in the desert southwestern United States) are reported to have caused necrotic bite wounds, though only rarely.[11]

Numerous other spiders have been associated with necrotic bites in the medical literature. A partial list includes the hobo spider and the yellow sac spiders. However, the bites from these spiders are not known to produce the severe symptoms that often follow from a recluse spider bite, and the level of danger posed by each has been called into question.[12][13] So far, no known necrotoxins have been isolated from the venom of any of these spiders, and some arachnologists have disputed the accuracy of many spider identifications carried out by bite victims, family members, medical responders, and other non-experts in arachnology. There have been several studies questioning danger posed by some of these spiders. In these studies, scientists examined case studies of bites in which the spider in question was positively identified by an expert, and found that the incidence of necrotic injury diminished significantly when "questionable" identifications were excluded from the sample set.[14][15]

Bite treatment

First aid involves the application of an ice pack to control inflammation, the application of aloe vera to soothe and help control the pain, and prompt medical care. If it can be easily captured, the spider should be brought with the patient in a clear, tightly closed container so it may be identified.

There is no established treatment for necrosis. Routine treatment should include elevation and immobilization of the affected limb, application of ice, local wound care, and tetanus prophylaxis. Many other therapies have been used with varying degrees of success including hyperbaric oxygen, dapsone, antihistamines (e.g., cyproheptadine), antibiotics, dextran, glucocorticoids, vasodilators, heparin, nitroglycerin, electric shock, curettage, surgical excision, and antivenom.[16][17] None of these treatments have been subjected to randomized controlled trials to conclusively show benefit. In almost all cases, bites are self-limited and typically heal without any medical intervention.[3]

It is important to seek medical treatment if a brown recluse bite is suspected, as in the rare cases of necrosis the effects can quickly spread, particularly when the venom reaches a blood vessel. Cases of brown recluse venom traveling along a limb through a vein or artery are rare, but the resulting mortification of the tissue can affect an area as large as several inches, to the extreme of requiring excising of the wound.

Specific treatments

Dapsone is commonly used in the USA and Brazil for the treatment of necrosis. In presumed cases of recluse bites, dapsone is often used effectively, but controlled clinical trials do not demonstrate similar effectiveness;[18] however, dapsone may be effective at treating many "spider bites" because many such cases are actually misdiagnosed microbial infections.[6] There have been conflicting reports about its efficacy and some have suggested it should no longer be used routinely, if at all.[19]

Prid, a widely available drawing salve available at pharmacies, has been suggested to be an effective treatment. If applied rigorously, two to three times daily, and kept covered with a non-stick gauze, effects of the bite will recede within a few days.

Wound infection is rare. Antibiotics are not recommended unless there is a credible diagnosis of infection.[20]

Studies have shown surgical intervention is ineffective and may worsen outcome. Excision may delay wound healing, cause abscesses, and lead to objectionable scarring.[21]

Anecdotal evidence suggests benefit can be gained with the application of nitroglycerin patches.[22] The brown recluse venom is a vasoconstrictor, and nitroglycerin causes vasodilation, allowing the venom to be diluted into the bloodstream, and fresh blood to flow to the wound. Theoretically this prevents necrosis, as vasoconstriction may contribute to necrosis. However, one scientific animal study found no benefit in preventing necrosis, with results showing it increased inflammation and it caused symptoms of systemic envenoming. The authors concluded the results of the study did not support the use of topical nitroglycerin in brown recluse envenoming. [23]

Antivenom, available in South America for the venom of other species of recluse spiders, appears to be the most promising therapy. However, antivenoms are most effective if given early and because of the painless bite patients do not often present until 24 or more hours after the event, possibly limiting the effect of this intervention.[24]

Misdiagnoses

It is estimated that 80% of reported brown recluse bites may be misdiagnosed. The misdiagnosis of a wound as a brown recluse bite could delay proper treatment of serious diseases.[3] There is now an ELISA-based test for brown recluse venom that can determine if a wound is a brown recluse bite, although it is not commercially available and not in routine use.[3][25]

There are numerous documented infectious and noninfectious conditions (including pyoderma gangrenosum, bacterial infections by Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, herpes, diabetic ulcer, fungal infections, chemical burns, toxicodendron dermatitis, squamous cell carcinoma, localized vasculitis, syphilis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, sporotrichosis, and Lyme disease) that produce wounds that have been initially misdiagnosed as recluse bites by medical professionals; many of these conditions are far more common and more likely to be the source of mysterious necrotic wounds, even in areas where recluses actually occur.[3]

Reported cases of bites occur primarily in Arkansas, Texas, Kansas, Missouri, Colorado, Nebraska and Oklahoma. There have been many reports of brown recluse bites in California (and elsewhere outside the range of the brown recluse.[26] (though a few related species may be found there, none of which has been shown to bite humans). To date, the reports of bites from areas outside of the spider's native range have been either unverified, or—if verified—specimens moved by travelers or commerce. Gertsch and Ennik (1983) report that occasional spiders have been intercepted in various locations where they have no known established populations; Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Maine, Minnesota, New Jersey, Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Wyoming and Tamaulipas (Mexico),[27] which indicates that these spiders may indeed be transported fairly easily, though the lack of established populations well outside the natural range also indicates that such movement does not lead to colonization of new areas. Many arachnologists believe that many bites attributed to the brown recluse in the West Coast are not spider bites at all, or possibly instead the bites of other spider species; for example, the bite of the hobo spider has been reported to produce similar symptoms, and is found in the northwestern United States and southern British Columbia. However, the toxicity of the hobo spider has been called into question as bites have not been proven to cause necrosis, and the spider is not considered a problem in Europe.[28] In addition, published work has shown that tick-induced Lyme disease rashes are often misidentified as brown recluse spider bites.[29]

References

  1. ^ Vetter R; Shay, M; Bitterman, O (1999). "Identifying and misidentifying the brown recluse spider". Dermatol Online J. 5 (2): 7. doi:10.2340/00015555-0082. PMID 10673460.
  2. ^ Jone SC. "Ohio State University Fact Sheet: Brown Recluse Spider. url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2061.html". {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Missing pipe in: |title= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e Swanson D, Vetter R (2005). "Bites of brown recluse spiders and suspected necrotic arachnidism". N Engl J Med. 352 (7): 700–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMra041184. PMID 15716564.
  4. ^ Kuwaye, Todd T. "Case Based Pediatrics for Medical Students and Residents". Retrieved 2006-12-10.
  5. ^ Vetter, Rick. "Myth of the Brown Recluse: Fact, Fear, and Loathing". Retrieved 2008-05-02.
  6. ^ a b c Vetter R, Bush S (2002). "The diagnosis of brown recluse spider bite is overused for dermonecrotic wounds of uncertain etiology". Ann Emerg Med. 39 (5): 544–6. doi:10.1067/mem.2002.123594. PMID 11973562.
  7. ^ Tenn. Boy Ruled Killed by Spider Bite - MSNBC Wire Services - MSNBC.com
  8. ^ Wasserman G, Anderson P (1983–1984). "Loxoscelism and necrotic arachnidism". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 21 (4–5): 451–72. doi:10.3109/15563658308990434. PMID 6381752.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  9. ^ Wasserman G (2005). "Bites of the brown recluse spider". N Engl J Med. 352 (19): 2029–30, author reply 2029–30. doi:10.1056/NEJM200505123521922. PMID 15892198.
  10. ^ Schenone H, Saavedra T, Rojas A, Villarroel F. (1989). "Loxoscelism in Chile. Epidemiologic, clinical and experimental studies". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 31: 403–415.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Vetter, R.S. (2008) Spiders of the genus Loxosceles (Araneae, Sicariidae): a review of biological, medical and psychological aspects regarding envenomations. The Journal of Arachnology 36:150–163
  12. ^ Bennett RG, Vetter RS (2004). "An approach to spider bites. Erroneous attribution of dermonecrotic lesions to brown recluse or hobo spider bites in Canada". Canadian family physician Médecin de famille canadien. 50: 1098–101. PMC 2214648. PMID 15455808. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ^ James H. Diaz, MD (April 1, 2005). "Most necrotic ulcers are not spider bites". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 72 (4): 364–367.
  14. ^ Isbister GK, Gray MR (2003). "White-tail spider bite: a prospective study of 130 definite bites by Lampona species". The Medical journal of Australia. 179 (4): 199–202. PMID 12914510. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ^ Isbister GK, Hirst D (2003). "A prospective study of definite bites by spiders of the family Sparassidae (huntsmen spiders) with identification to species level". Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 42 (2): 163–71. PMID 12906887. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Maynor ML, Moon RE, Klitzman B, Fracica PJ, Canada A (1997). "Brown recluse spider envenomation: a prospective trial of hyperbaric oxygen therapy". Acad Emerg Med. 4 (3): 184–92. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1997.tb03738.x. PMID 9063544. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Maynor ML, Abt JL, Osborne PD (19892). "Brown Recluse Spider Bites: Beneficial Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen". J. Hyperbaric Med. 7 (2): 89–102. ISSN 0884-1225. Retrieved 2008-07-22. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Elston DM, Miller SD, Young RJ 3rd, Eggers J, McGlasson D, Schmidt WH, Bush A. Comparison of colchicine, dapsone, triamcinolone, and diphenhydramine therapy for the treatment of brown recluse spider envenomation: a double-blind, controlled study in a rabbit model. Arch Dermatol 2005; 141(5):595-7.
  19. ^ Bryant S, Pittman L (2003). "Dapsone use in Loxosceles reclusa envenomation: is there an indication?". Am J Emerg Med. 21 (1): 89–90. doi:10.1053/ajem.2003.50021. PMID 12563594.
  20. ^ Anderson P (1998). "Missouri brown recluse spider: a review and update". Mo Med. 95 (7): 318–22. PMID 9666677.
  21. ^ Rees R, Altenbern D, Lynch J, King L (1985). "Brown recluse spider bites. A comparison of early surgical excision versus dapsone and delayed surgical excision". Ann Surg. 202 (5): 659–63. doi:10.1097/00000658-198511000-00020. PMC 1250983. PMID 4051613.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Burton K. "The Brown Recluse Spider: Finally stopped in its tracks". Retrieved 2006-09-02.
  23. ^ Lowry B, Bradfield J, Carroll R, Brewer K, Meggs W (2001). "A controlled trial of topical nitroglycerin in a New Zealand white rabbit model of brown recluse spider envenomation". Ann Emerg Med. 37 (2): 161–5. doi:10.1067/mem.2001.113031. PMID 11174233.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Isbister G, Graudins A, White J, Warrell D (2003). "Antivenom treatment in arachnidism". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 41 (3): 291–300. doi:10.1081/CLT-120021114. PMID 12807312.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Gomez H, Krywko D, Stoecker W (2002). "A new assay for the detection of Loxosceles species (brown recluse) spider venom". Ann Emerg Med. 39 (5): 469–74. doi:10.1067/mem.2002.122914. PMID 11973553.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Vetter R. "Myth of the Brown Recluse: Fact, Fear, and Loathing". Retrieved 2006-09-02.
  27. ^ [1] University of Florida Fact Sheet
  28. ^ Vetter R, Isbister G (2004). "Do hobo spider bites cause dermonecrotic injuries?". Ann Emerg Med. 44 (6): 605–7. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.03.016. PMID 15573036.
  29. ^ Osterhoudt KC, Zaoutis T, Zorc JJ (2002). "Lyme disease masquerading as brown recluse spider bite". Annals of emergency medicine. 39 (5): 558–61. doi:10.1067/mem.2002.119509. PMID 11973566.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loxosceles reclusa.
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