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{{short description|American industrial designer}}
{{Short description|American industrial designer (1924–2010)}}
{{use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{about||the British property developer|David Rowland (property developer)|the Welsh author|David Rowland (translator)}}
{{about||the British property developer|David Rowland (property developer)|the Welsh author|David Rowland (translator)}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = David Lincoln Rowland
| name =
| image = Industrial Designer David Rowland.jpg
| image = Industrial Designer David Rowland.jpg
| caption = David Rowland holding a scale model of his masterpiece 40/4 chair
| caption = Rowland holding a scale model of his masterpiece 40/4 chair
| birth_name = David Lincoln Rowland
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|02|12}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|02|12}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2010|08|13|1924|02|24}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2010|08|13|1924|02|24}}
| death_place = [[Marion, Virginia]], [[Virginia]]
| death_place = [[Marion, Virginia]], [[Virginia]], U.S.
| nationality = American
| nationality = American
| occupation = [[Industrial Designer]]
| occupation = [[Industrial Designer]]
| known_for = 40/4 Stacking Chair<br />Softec Chair
| known_for = 40/4 Stacking Chair<br />Softec Chair
| spouse = (Miss) Erwin Wassum (m. 1971–2010, his death)
| spouse = (Miss) Erwin Wassum (m. 1971–2010, his death)
| awards = Grand Prix, [[Milan Triennial XIII|Milan Triennale]] for '40/4 Chair' (1964)<br />First Prize, American Institute of Designers (AID) 1965<br />Austrian Gold Medal Award for Furniture (1969)<br />Gold Medal, Institute of Business Designers (IBD) 1979
| awards = Grand Prix, [[Milan Triennial XIII|Milan Triennale]] for "40/4 Chair" (1964)<br />First Prize, American Institute of Designers (AID), 1965<br />Austrian Gold Medal Award for Furniture (1969)<br />Gold Medal, Institute of Business Designers (IBD), 1979
| website = https://davidrowland.design
| website = https://davidrowland.design
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==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
David Lincoln Rowland was born on February 12, 1924, in [[Los Angeles]], the only child of Neva Chilberg Rowland, a violinist and W. Earl Rowland, an artist, lecturer and teacher.<ref>{{cite news|agency=New York Times|date=August 26, 2010|ref=B12|title= David Rowland, Maker of a Tidily Stacked Chair, Dies at 86}}</ref> In 1936 he moved with his parents to [[Stockton, California]] where his father became director of the [[Haggin Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hagginmuseum.org/leyendecker/biography.shtml|title=History of The Haggin Museum's Leyendecker Collection}}</ref> In the summer of 1940, when he was 16, he took a course with [[László Moholy-Nagy]], one of the founders of [[The Bauhaus school]], at [[Mills College]] in [[Oakland, California]] on Basic Bauhaus Design. After graduation from [[Stockton High School (California)|Stockton High School]] in 1942,<ref>{{cite book|title=Stockton Highschool Yearbook|date=1942}}</ref> he studied drafting, and worked as a draftsman for the Rheem Manufacturing Co., drawing plans for war munitions, before entering military service in [[World War II]].
David Lincoln Rowland was born on February 12, 1924, in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], the only child of Neva Chilberg Rowland, a violinist and W. Earl Rowland, an artist, lecturer and teacher.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 26, 2010|ref=B12|title= David Rowland, Maker of a Tidily Stacked Chair, Dies at 86}}</ref> In 1936, he moved with his parents to [[Stockton, California|Stockton]], California, where his father became director of the [[Haggin Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hagginmuseum.org/leyendecker/biography.shtml|title=History of The Haggin Museum's Leyendecker Collection}}</ref> In the summer of 1940, at the age of 16, Rowland took a course with [[László Moholy-Nagy]], one of the founders of the [[Bauhaus school]], at [[Mills College]] in [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], California, on Basic Bauhaus Design. After graduation from [[Stockton High School (California)|Stockton High School]] in 1942,<ref>{{cite book|title=Stockton Highschool Yearbook|date=1942}}</ref> he studied drafting, and worked as a draftsman for the Rheem Manufacturing Co., drawing plans for war munitions, before entering military service in [[World War II]].


From 1943 through 1945 Rowland was a 1st Lieutenant in the [[United States Army Air Corps]], the 8th Air Force, 94th Bomb Group, and 333rd Squadron, as a B17 (“Flying Fortress”) pilot. He was stationed in Bury St. Edmunds, England and conducted 22 combat missions. Rowland was awarded the Air Medal with several clusters.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Stockton Record|date=October 6, 1945|title=Military Service Announcement}}</ref>
From 1943 through 1945, Rowland was a 1st Lieutenant in the [[United States Army Air Corps]], the 8th Air Force, 94th Bomb Group, and 333rd Squadron, as a B17 ("Flying Fortress") pilot. He was stationed in [[Bury St. Edmunds]], England, and conducted 22 combat missions. Rowland was awarded the Air Medal with several clusters.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Stockton Record|date=October 6, 1945|title=Military Service Announcement}}</ref>


After the end of the war, Rowland studied at [[Principia College]] in Elsah, Illinois, graduating in 1949.<ref>{{cite book|title=Principia Alumni Directory|date=2006|page=298}}</ref> He went on to study industrial design at the [[University of Southern California]] and afterwards at [[Cranbrook Academy of Art]] in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, earning a master's degree in Industrial Design in 1951.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cranbrook Academy of Art Alumni Directory|date=1994|page=54}}</ref>
After the end of the war, Rowland studied at [[Principia College]] in [[Elsah, Illinois]], graduating in 1949.<ref>{{cite book|title=Principia Alumni Directory|date=2006|page=298}}</ref> He went on to study industrial design at the [[University of Southern California]] and afterwards at [[Cranbrook Academy of Art]] in [[Bloomfield Hills, Michigan]], earning a master's degree in Industrial Design in 1951.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cranbrook Academy of Art Alumni Directory|date=1994|page=54}}</ref>


==Early career==
==Early career==
After graduating, Rowland worked outside of the design field and worked on his own designs in his spare time. He later took a job as head draftsman doing architectural renderings for [[Norman Bel Geddes]].<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal|journal=Metropolis Magazine|date=December 2004|page=112|title=99% Perspiration}}</ref>
After graduating, Rowland worked outside of the design field and worked on his own designs in his spare time. He later took a job as head draftsman doing architectural renderings for [[Norman Bel Geddes]].<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal|journal=Metropolis Magazine|date=December 2004|page=112|title=99% Perspiration}}</ref>


Rowland also designed commercial interiors,<ref name="whowaswho">{{cite book|title=Who Was Who in American Art|url=https://archive.org/details/whowaswhoinameri0003unse|url-access=registration|date=June 1985|publisher=Sound View Printers|isbn=0932087574|page=[https://archive.org/details/whowaswhoinameri0003unse/page/2847 2847]}}</ref> including a Transparent Chair for the No-Sag Spring Co.,<ref>{{cite news|title=Transparent Chair Shows Off Decorative Springs|work=Christian Science Monitor|date=Aug 30, 1951|page=6}}</ref> a Zig Zag Cantilever Chair that was exhibited in 11th [[Milan Triennial XI|Milan Triennale]] in 1957 <ref>{{cite book|title=Landmarks of Twentieth-Century Design: An Illustrated Handbook|author=Kathryn B. Hiesinger|author2=George H. Marcus|date=1993|publisher=Abbeville Press|location=New York|isbn=1-55859-279-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780789200082/page/380 380]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780789200082/page/380}}</ref> and a Drain Dry Cushion, licensed to Lee Woodard & Sons. In 1956, the royalty income from the Drain Dry Cushion allowed Rowland to open his own office.
Rowland also designed commercial interiors,<ref name="whowaswho">{{cite book|title=Who Was Who in American Art|url=https://archive.org/details/whowaswhoinameri0003unse|url-access=registration|date=June 1985|publisher=Sound View Printers|isbn=0932087574|page=[https://archive.org/details/whowaswhoinameri0003unse/page/2847 2847]}}</ref> including a Transparent Chair for the No-Sag Spring Co.,<ref>{{cite news|title=Transparent Chair Shows Off Decorative Springs|work=Christian Science Monitor|date=August 30, 1951|page=6}}</ref> a Zig Zag Cantilever Chair that was exhibited in 11th [[Milan Triennial XI|Milan Triennale]] in 1957<ref>{{cite book|title=Landmarks of Twentieth-Century Design: An Illustrated Handbook|author=Kathryn B. Hiesinger|author2=George H. Marcus|date=1993|publisher=Abbeville Press|location=New York|isbn=1-55859-279-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780789200082/page/380 380]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780789200082/page/380}}</ref> and a Drain Dry Cushion, licensed to Lee Woodard & Sons. In 1956, the royalty income from the Drain Dry Cushion allowed Rowland to open his own office.


==The 40/4 chair==
==The 40/4 chair==
[[File:David Rowland 40-4 Chair with Stack.jpg|thumb|40/4 Chair with Stack]]
[[File:David Rowland 40-4 Chair with Stack.jpg|thumb|40/4 Chair with Stack]]
Rowland developed the [[40/4 Chair]] over a period of 8 years and was awarded a patent on it in 1963.<ref name=":6">{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1988/1006/hchair.html/(page)/2|title=Stackable Chair|last=Rowland|first=David|date=October 6, 1988|work=Christian Science Monitor|access-date=April 11, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite patent|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Compactly Stackable Chair | issue-date = March 5, 1963 | patent-number = 3080194 | country-code = US }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Compactly Stackable Chair | issue-date = September 27, 1966 | patent-number = 3275371 | country-code = US }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Compactly Stackable Chairs and Chair-Rows | issue-date = October 11, 1966 | patent-number = 3278227 | country-code = US }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Dolly for Stacking Chairs | issue-date = April 29, 1967 | patent-number = 3338591 | country-code = US }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Compactly Stackable Chair | issue-date = October 8, 1968 | patent-number = 3404916 | country-code = US }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Nested Armchair | issue-date = May 27, 1969 | patent-number = 3446530 | country-code = US }}</ref>
Rowland developed the [[40/4 Chair]] over a period of eight years and was awarded a patent on it in 1963.<ref name=":6">{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1988/1006/hchair.html/(page)/2|title=STACKABLE CHAIR. Designer David Rowland tells how at first, everyone turned it down ...|last=Rowland|first=David|date=October 6, 1988|work=Christian Science Monitor|access-date=April 11, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite patent|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Compactly Stackable Chair | issue-date = March 5, 1963 | patent-number = 3080194 | country-code = US }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Compactly Stackable Chair | issue-date = September 27, 1966 | patent-number = 3275371 | country-code = US }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Compactly Stackable Chairs and Chair-Rows | issue-date = October 11, 1966 | patent-number = 3278227 | country-code = US }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Dolly for Stacking Chairs | issue-date = April 29, 1967 | patent-number = 3338591 | country-code = US }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Compactly Stackable Chair | issue-date = October 8, 1968 | patent-number = 3404916 | country-code = US }}</ref><ref>{{cite patent|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Nested Armchair | issue-date = May 27, 1969 | patent-number = 3446530 | country-code = US }}</ref>


Initially, Rowland showed the chair to many companies in an effort to license the design. In 1961, [[Florence Knoll]] licensed the chair for her company, Knoll Associates, however canceled a license after six months. Rowland later showed the chair to [[Davis Allen]], head of interior design at the architectural firm of [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] (SOM). Allen requested 17,000 chairs for the a campus SOM was designing for the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC). To fulfill the request, Rowland licensed the design to General Fireproofing Co. (GF) in Youngstown, Ohio.<ref name="perspiration">{{cite journal|last1=Von|first1=Robinson|title=99% Perspiration|journal=Metropolis|date=December 2004|page=149}}</ref><ref name="uic">{{cite web|url=https://uicarchives.library.uic.edu/40-4Chair|title=40/4 Chair|publisher=University Library, University of Illinois at Chicago|access-date=March 19, 2018|archive-date=December 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185731/http://uicarchives.library.uic.edu/40-4Chair|url-status=dead}}</ref> In May 1965, While the first order for was still being produced, 250 chairs were hand assembled and installed in the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in New York City for the opening of its new wing.<ref name="interiors">{{cite journal|last1=J.|first1=W.|title=David Rowland's 40/4 Chair|journal=Interiors Magazine|date=June 1964|page=102}}</ref><ref name="moma">{{cite web |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/3060|title=David Rowland. 40/4 Stacking Chair. 1964.|publisher=The Museum of Modern Art |access-date=March 23, 2018}}</ref> MOMA also included the 40/4 in its permanent collection.<ref name="moma" />
Initially, Rowland showed the chair to many companies in an effort to license the design. In 1961, [[Florence Knoll]] licensed the chair for her company, Knoll Associates, however canceled a license after six months. Rowland later showed the chair to [[Davis Allen]], head of interior design at the architectural firm of [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] (SOM). Allen requested 17,000 chairs for the a campus SOM was designing for the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]] (UIC). To fulfill the request, Rowland licensed the design to General Fireproofing Co. (GF) in [[Youngstown, Ohio]].<ref name="perspiration">{{cite journal|last1=Von|first1=Robinson|title=99% Perspiration|journal=Metropolis|date=December 2004|page=149}}</ref><ref name="uic">{{cite web|url=https://uicarchives.library.uic.edu/40-4Chair|title=40/4 Chair|publisher=University Library, University of Illinois at Chicago|access-date=March 19, 2018|archive-date=December 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185731/http://uicarchives.library.uic.edu/40-4Chair|url-status=dead}}</ref> In May 1965, While the first order for was still being produced, 250 chairs were hand assembled and installed in the [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MOMA) in [[New York City]] for the opening of its new wing.<ref name="interiors">{{cite journal|last1=J.|first1=W.|title=David Rowland's 40/4 Chair|journal=Interiors Magazine|date=June 1964|page=102}}</ref><ref name="moma">{{cite web |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/3060|title=David Rowland. 40/4 Stacking Chair. 1964.|publisher=The Museum of Modern Art |access-date=March 23, 2018}}</ref> MOMA also included the 40/4 in its permanent collection.<ref name="moma" />


The [[40/4 Chair|40/4]] was an immediate success.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="landmarks">{{cite book|last1=Hiesinger|first1=Kathryn B.|last2=Marcus|first2=George H.|title=Landmarks of the Twentieth-Century Design, An Illustrated Handbook|date=1993|publisher=Abbeville Press|location=New York|isbn=1-55859279-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780789200082/page/223 223]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780789200082/page/223}}</ref> It won the grand prize at the 13th [[Milan Triennial XIII|Milan Triennale]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Hevesi|first=Dennis|date=August 25, 2010|title=David Rowland, Maker of a Tidily Stacked Chair, Dies at 86|journal=The New York Times|pages=B12}}</ref> and has been included in museum collections and exhibitions internationally.
The [[40/4 Chair|40/4]] was an immediate success.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="landmarks">{{cite book|last1=Hiesinger|first1=Kathryn B.|last2=Marcus|first2=George H.|title=Landmarks of the Twentieth-Century Design, An Illustrated Handbook|date=1993|publisher=Abbeville Press|location=New York|isbn=1-55859279-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780789200082/page/223 223]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780789200082/page/223}}</ref> It won the grand prize at the 13th [[Milan Triennial XIII|Milan Triennale]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Hevesi|first=Dennis|date=August 25, 2010|title=David Rowland, Maker of a Tidily Stacked Chair, Dies at 86|newspaper=The New York Times|page=B12}}</ref> and has been included in museum collections and exhibitions internationally.


In the book ''the Modern Chair,'' Clement Meadmore described the chair as having “beautiful simplicity and total appropriateness.”<ref name="classics">{{cite book|last1=Meadmore|first1=Clement|title=The Modern Chair: Classics in Production|date=1975|publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.|location=New York|isbn=0442253052|pages=[https://archive.org/details/modernchairclass0000mead_z4h1/page/136 136–138]|url=https://archive.org/details/modernchairclass0000mead_z4h1/page/136}}</ref> Twenty five hundred [[40/4 Chair|40/4s]] were installed in St. Paul's Cathedral in London in 1973, site of Prince Charles and Princess Diana's wedding,<ref name=":3" /> and remain in use. The chair has been in continuous production since its introduction and has sold over 8 million units.<ref name="uic" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Design in America : the Cranbrook vision, 1925-1950|date=1983|publisher=Abrams, in association with the Detroit Institute of Arts and the Metropolitan Museum of Art|others=Clark, Robert Judson., Belloli, Andrea P. A., Detroit Institute of Arts., Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.)|isbn=0810908018|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/designinamericac0000unse/page/129 129]|oclc=9393845|url=https://archive.org/details/designinamericac0000unse/page/129}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title="40/4" side chair|date=1960|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/486991|accessdate=2018-04-10}}</ref>
[[Clement Meadmore]], in his 1975 book ''The Modern Chair'', described the chair as having "beautiful simplicity and total appropriateness".<ref name="classics">{{cite book|last1=Meadmore|first1=Clement|title=The Modern Chair: Classics in Production|date=1975|publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.|location=New York|isbn=0442253052|pages=[https://archive.org/details/modernchairclass0000mead_z4h1/page/136 136–138]|url=https://archive.org/details/modernchairclass0000mead_z4h1/page/136}}</ref> Twenty-five hundred [[40/4 Chair|40/4s]] were installed in [[St. Paul's Cathedral]] in [[London]] in 1973, site of the wedding of [[Prince Charles]] and [[Princess Diana]],<ref name=":3" /> and remain in use. The chair has been in continuous production since its introduction and has sold more than 8 million units.<ref name="uic" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Design in America : the Cranbrook vision, 1925-1950|date=1983|publisher=Abrams, in association with the Detroit Institute of Arts and the Metropolitan Museum of Art|others=Clark, Robert Judson, Belloli, Andrea P. A., Detroit Institute of Arts, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.)|isbn=0810908018|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/designinamericac0000unse/page/129 129]|oclc=9393845|url=https://archive.org/details/designinamericac0000unse/page/129}}</ref><ref name="side chair - The Met">{{Cite web|title='40/4' side chair|date=1960|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/486991|publisher=The Met|access-date=2018-04-10}}</ref>


General Fireproofing held the license for the chair from 1963 until 2002 when the company was taken over by OSI Furniture LLC. In 2013, Howe Europe, (now Howe a/s), of Denmark, which had had a sublicense to the chair in Europe, Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Asia (except for Indonesia) acquired the license for the 40/4 in the United States and Canada.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.interiordesign.net/articles/8131-danish-brand-howe-relaunches-in-the-us-market/|title=Danish Brand Howe Relaunches in the U.S. Market|date=2014-01-28|work=Interior Design|access-date=2018-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.howe.com/us/file/728/download?token=-eBm9qcm|title=David Rowland - introduction|date=April 20, 2018|website=Howe a/s|access-date=June 24, 2018|archive-date=July 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706155154/http://www.howe.com/us/file/728/download?token=-eBm9qcm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
General Fireproofing held the license for the chair from 1963 until 2002, when the company was taken over by OSI Furniture LLC. In 2013, Howe Europe (now Howe a/s) of Denmark, which had had a sublicense to the chair in Europe, Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Asia (except for Indonesia), acquired the license for the 40/4 in the United States and Canada.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.interiordesign.net/articles/8131-danish-brand-howe-relaunches-in-the-us-market/|title=Danish Brand Howe Relaunches in the U.S. Market|date=2014-01-28|work=Interior Design|access-date=2018-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.howe.com/us/file/728/download?token=-eBm9qcm|title=David Rowland - introduction|date=April 20, 2018|website=Howe a/s|access-date=June 24, 2018|archive-date=July 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706155154/http://www.howe.com/us/file/728/download?token=-eBm9qcm|url-status=dead}}</ref>


In 2010 Contract Design Magazine named the 40/4 number one of the top 10 commercial interiors products of the past 50 years.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|journal=Contract Design Magazine|date=March 2010|page=22|title=The Top 10 Commercial Interiors Products of the Past 50 Years}}</ref>
In 2010, ''Contract Design Magazine'' named the 40/4 chair number one of the top 10 commercial interiors products of the past 50 years.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|journal=Contract Design Magazine|date=March 2010|page=22|title=The Top 10 Commercial Interiors Products of the Past 50 Years}}</ref>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
Rowland married Miss Erwin Wassum, a crafts designer, in 1971. They lived in New York City, before moving to [[Marion, Virginia]] in 2001.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/name/david-rowland-obituary?pid=145602002&view=guestbook David Rowland Obituary - Marion, Virginia | Legacy.com] Retrieved 2018-05-12.</ref>
Rowland married Miss Erwin Wassum, a crafts designer, in 1971. They lived in New York City, before moving to [[Marion, Virginia]], in 2001.<ref>[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/name/david-rowland-obituary?pid=145602002&view=guestbook David Rowland Obituary - Marion, Virginia | Legacy.com] Retrieved 2018-05-12.</ref>


==Honors and awards==
==Honors and awards==


* 37 U.S. Patents and numerous international patents
* 37 U.S. Patents and numerous international patents
* 1964 Grand Prix, 13th [[MMilan Triennial XIII|Milan Triennale]] for '40/4 Chair'<ref>{{cite news|work=New York Herald Tribune|date=Sep 25, 1964|title=US Wins Triennale Grand Prize}}</ref>
* 1964 Grand Prix, 13th [[Milan Triennial XIII|Milan Triennale]] for "40/4 Chair"<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=New York Herald Tribune|date=September 25, 1964|title=US Wins Triennale Grand Prize}}</ref>
* "40/4 Chair” named #1 of The Top 10 Commercial Interiors Products of the Past 50 Years by Contract Design Magazine, 2010<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* "40/4 Chair" named No. 1 of The Top 10 Commercial Interiors Products of the Past 50 Years by ''Contract Design Magazine'', 2010<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* Design in America: The Cranbrook Vision. 1984 Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum in New York.<ref name="detroit">{{cite book|author=The Detroit Institute of Arts; Robert Judson Clark|title=Design in America : the Cranbrook vision, 1925-1950 : [The Detroit Institute of Arts, December 14, 1983 through February 19, 1984 ... Victoria and Albert Museum, London, April 1, 1984 through June 30, 1985]|date=1983|publisher=Abrams u.a.|location=New York|isbn=0-8109-0801-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/designinamericac0000unse}}</ref>
* ''Design in America: The Cranbrook Vision''. 1984 exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum in New York.<ref name="detroit">{{cite book|author=The Detroit Institute of Arts; Robert Judson Clark|title=Design in America : the Cranbrook vision, 1925–1950 : [The Detroit Institute of Arts, December 14, 1983 through February 19, 1984 ... Victoria and Albert Museum, London, April 1, 1984 through June 30, 1985]|date=1983|publisher=Abrams u.a.|location=New York|isbn=0-8109-0801-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/designinamericac0000unse}}</ref>
* Design in America: The Cranbrook Vision,1984 book<<ref name="detroit" />
* ''Design in America: The Cranbrook Vision'', 1984 book<<ref name="detroit" />
* International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (ICSID) Exhibition 1980
* International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (ICSID) Exhibition, 1980
* Best of Competition Gold Medal, Institute of Business Designers (IBD) and Contract Magazine 1979<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Contract Design Magazine|date=Nov 1979|page=83|title=Thonet Takes Top IBD Award}}</ref>
* Best of Competition Gold Medal, Institute of Business Designers (IBD) and ''Contract Magazine'', 1979<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Contract Design Magazine|date=November 1979|page=83|title=Thonet Takes Top IBD Award}}</ref>
* Design in America: The Cranbrook Vision. 1984 Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum in New York.
* Design in America: The Cranbrook Vision. 1984 Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum in New York.
* Gold Award for Product Design Excellence (Seating), Institute of Business Designers (IBD) and Contract Magazine 1979,
* Gold Award for Product Design Excellence (Seating), Institute of Business Designers (IBD) and ''Contract Magazine'', 1979,
* Meadmoore, The Modern Chair, 1975 <ref>{{cite book|title=The modern chair: classics in production|date=1975|publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.|location=New York|isbn=0-442-25305-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/modernchairclass0000mead_z4h1}}</ref>
* Meadmoore, The Modern Chair, 1975<ref>{{cite book|title=The modern chair: classics in production|date=1975|publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.|location=New York|isbn=0-442-25305-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/modernchairclass0000mead_z4h1}}</ref>
* Austrian Government Gold Medal Award for Furniture 1968 <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1988/1006/hchair.html/(page)/2|work=Christian Science Monitor|date=October 6, 1988|title= STACKABLE CHAIR. Designer David Rowland tells how at first, everyone turned it down ...}}</ref>
* Austrian Government Gold Medal Award for Furniture 1968<ref name=":6" />
* Master Design Award 1965, Product Engineering Magazine <ref>{{cite news|title=New Fashions That Sit Well|work=Houston Chronicle|date=May 27, 1965}}</ref>
* Master Design Award 1965, ''Product Engineering Magazine''<ref>{{cite news|title=New Fashions That Sit Well|work=Houston Chronicle|date=May 27, 1965}}</ref>
* National Cotton Batting InstituteAward, 1958 for chair design<ref name="whowaswho" />
* National Cotton Batting InstituteAward, 1958 for chair design<ref name="whowaswho" />
* Illuminating Engineering Society Award, for lighting design, 1951<ref name="whowaswho" />
* Illuminating Engineering Society Award, for lighting design, 1951<ref name="whowaswho" />
* ''Best Piece of Business Furniture'' award from American Institute of Designers (AID)<ref>{{cite news|title= A.I.D. Gives Awards to 14 Designs|work=New York Times|date=Jan 4, 1965}}</ref>
* ''Best Piece of Business Furniture'' award from American Institute of Designers (AID)<ref>{{cite news|title= A.I.D. Gives Awards to 14 Designs|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 4, 1965}}</ref>


==Museum Collections Containing Rowland's Work==
==Museum collections containing Rowland's work==
[[The Museum of Modern Art]], New York, New York <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moma.org/collection/object.php?object_id=3060|title= MoMA - The Collection - David Rowland. 40/4 Stacking Chair. 1964}}</ref>
[[The Museum of Modern Art]], New York, New York<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moma.org/collection/object.php?object_id=3060|title= MoMA - The Collection - David Rowland. 40/4 Stacking Chair. 1964}}</ref>
[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York, New York <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/486991?rpp=30&pg=1&ft=david+rowland&pos=1|accessdate=18 June 2014|title="40/4" side chair}}</ref>
[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York, New York<ref name="side chair - The Met" />
[[Philadelphia Museum of Art]], Philadelphia, Pennsylvania <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/152706.html?mulR=1755162438%7c1|accessdate=18 June 2014|title= Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : 40-in-4 Stacking Chair}}</ref>
[[Philadelphia Museum of Art]], Philadelphia, Pennsylvania<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/152706.html?mulR=1755162438%7c1|access-date=18 June 2014|title= Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : 40-in-4 Stacking Chair}}</ref>
[[The Art Institute of Chicago]], Chicago, Illinois <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/24629?index=0|title=GF 40/4 Chair (one of a pair) - The Art Institute of Chicago}}</ref>
[[The Art Institute of Chicago]], Chicago, Illinois<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/24629?index=0|title=GF 40/4 Chair (one of a pair) |publisher= The Art Institute of Chicago}}</ref>
[[Brooklyn Museum]], Brooklyn, New York <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/1686/Sof-Tech_Side_Chair|accessdate=18 June 2014|title= Brooklyn Museum: Decorative Arts: "Sof-Tech" Side Chair}}</ref>
[[Brooklyn Museum]], Brooklyn, New York<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/1686/Sof-Tech_Side_Chair|access-date=18 June 2014|publisher= Brooklyn Museum|title= Decorative Arts {{!}} 'Sof-Tech' Side Chair}}</ref>
[[Palais du Louvre]], Musée des Arts Decoratifs, Paris,. France<ref>{{cite book|author=Mel Byars|author2= Foreword by Terence Riley|title=The design encyclopedia|date=2004|publisher=King [u.a.]|location=London|isbn=978-0870700125}}</ref>
[[Palais du Louvre]], Musée des Arts Decoratifs, [[Paris]], France<ref>{{cite book|author=Mel Byars|author2= Foreword by Terence Riley|title=The Design Encyclopedia|date=2004|publisher=King [u.a.]|location=London|isbn=978-0870700125}}</ref>
[[Design Museum]], London, England <ref>{{cite web|url=http://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/online/a-century-of-chairs/1960s|accessdate=18 June 2014|title=1960s - A Century of Chairs - Design Museum London}}</ref>
[[Design Museum]], London, England<ref>{{cite web|url=http://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/online/a-century-of-chairs/1960s|access-date=18 June 2014|title=1960s - A Century of Chairs - Design Museum London}}</ref>
[[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/c/chairs/|title=Chairs - Victoria and Albert Museum|date=9 February 2011 }}</ref>
[[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/c/chairs/|title=Chairs - Victoria and Albert Museum|date=9 February 2011 }}</ref>
[[Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro|Museu de Arte Moderna]], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil <ref name="David Rowland 40/4">{{cite journal|title=David Rowland 40/4|journal=Howe|date=2011|page=12}}</ref>
[[Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro|Museu de Arte Moderna]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil<ref name="David Rowland 40/4">{{cite journal|title=David Rowland 40/4|journal=Howe|date=2011|page=12}}</ref>


==Education==
==Education==
[[Die Neue Sammlung]], Munich, Germany <ref name="David Rowland 40/4"/>
[[Die Neue Sammlung]], Munich, Germany<ref name="David Rowland 40/4"/>


==Patents==
==Patents==
Line 130: Line 132:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
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Revision as of 09:55, 28 April 2024

For the British property developer, see David Rowland (property developer). For the Welsh author, see David Rowland (translator).
David Rowland
Rowland holding a scale model of his masterpiece 40/4 chair
Born
David Lincoln Rowland

(1924-02-12)February 12, 1924
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
DiedAugust 13, 2010(2010-08-13) (aged 86)
Marion, Virginia, Virginia, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
OccupationIndustrial Designer
Known for40/4 Stacking Chair
Softec Chair
Spouse(Miss) Erwin Wassum (m. 1971–2010, his death)
AwardsGrand Prix, Milan Triennale for "40/4 Chair" (1964)
First Prize, American Institute of Designers (AID), 1965
Austrian Gold Medal Award for Furniture (1969)
Gold Medal, Institute of Business Designers (IBD), 1979
Military career
Allegiance United States of America
Service/branch United States Army Air Corps
Years of service1943–45
Rank 1st Lieutenant
Battles/warsWorld War II
Websitehttps://davidrowland.design ———————————

David Lincoln Rowland (February 12, 1924 – August 13, 2010) was an American industrial designer noted for inventing the 40/4 Chair. The chair was the first compactly stackable chair invented, and is able to stack 40 chairs 4 feet (120 cm) high.[1]

Early life and education

David Lincoln Rowland was born on February 12, 1924, in Los Angeles, California, the only child of Neva Chilberg Rowland, a violinist and W. Earl Rowland, an artist, lecturer and teacher.[2] In 1936, he moved with his parents to Stockton, California, where his father became director of the Haggin Museum.[3] In the summer of 1940, at the age of 16, Rowland took a course with László Moholy-Nagy, one of the founders of the Bauhaus school, at Mills College in Oakland, California, on Basic Bauhaus Design. After graduation from Stockton High School in 1942,[4] he studied drafting, and worked as a draftsman for the Rheem Manufacturing Co., drawing plans for war munitions, before entering military service in World War II.

From 1943 through 1945, Rowland was a 1st Lieutenant in the United States Army Air Corps, the 8th Air Force, 94th Bomb Group, and 333rd Squadron, as a B17 ("Flying Fortress") pilot. He was stationed in Bury St. Edmunds, England, and conducted 22 combat missions. Rowland was awarded the Air Medal with several clusters.[5]

After the end of the war, Rowland studied at Principia College in Elsah, Illinois, graduating in 1949.[6] He went on to study industrial design at the University of Southern California and afterwards at Cranbrook Academy of Art in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, earning a master's degree in Industrial Design in 1951.[7]

Early career

After graduating, Rowland worked outside of the design field and worked on his own designs in his spare time. He later took a job as head draftsman doing architectural renderings for Norman Bel Geddes.[8]

Rowland also designed commercial interiors,[9] including a Transparent Chair for the No-Sag Spring Co.,[10] a Zig Zag Cantilever Chair that was exhibited in 11th Milan Triennale in 1957[11] and a Drain Dry Cushion, licensed to Lee Woodard & Sons. In 1956, the royalty income from the Drain Dry Cushion allowed Rowland to open his own office.

The 40/4 chair

40/4 Chair with Stack

Rowland developed the 40/4 Chair over a period of eight years and was awarded a patent on it in 1963.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

Initially, Rowland showed the chair to many companies in an effort to license the design. In 1961, Florence Knoll licensed the chair for her company, Knoll Associates, however canceled a license after six months. Rowland later showed the chair to Davis Allen, head of interior design at the architectural firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). Allen requested 17,000 chairs for the a campus SOM was designing for the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC). To fulfill the request, Rowland licensed the design to General Fireproofing Co. (GF) in Youngstown, Ohio.[19][20] In May 1965, While the first order for was still being produced, 250 chairs were hand assembled and installed in the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in New York City for the opening of its new wing.[21][22] MOMA also included the 40/4 in its permanent collection.[22]

The 40/4 was an immediate success.[13][23] It won the grand prize at the 13th Milan Triennale,[24] and has been included in museum collections and exhibitions internationally.

Clement Meadmore, in his 1975 book The Modern Chair, described the chair as having "beautiful simplicity and total appropriateness".[1] Twenty-five hundred 40/4s were installed in St. Paul's Cathedral in London in 1973, site of the wedding of Prince Charles and Princess Diana,[24] and remain in use. The chair has been in continuous production since its introduction and has sold more than 8 million units.[20][25][26]

General Fireproofing held the license for the chair from 1963 until 2002, when the company was taken over by OSI Furniture LLC. In 2013, Howe Europe (now Howe a/s) of Denmark, which had had a sublicense to the chair in Europe, Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Asia (except for Indonesia), acquired the license for the 40/4 in the United States and Canada.[27][28]

In 2010, Contract Design Magazine named the 40/4 chair number one of the top 10 commercial interiors products of the past 50 years.[29]

Personal life

Rowland married Miss Erwin Wassum, a crafts designer, in 1971. They lived in New York City, before moving to Marion, Virginia, in 2001.[30]

Honors and awards

  • 37 U.S. Patents and numerous international patents
  • 1964 Grand Prix, 13th Milan Triennale for "40/4 Chair"[31]
  • "40/4 Chair" named No. 1 of The Top 10 Commercial Interiors Products of the Past 50 Years by Contract Design Magazine, 2010[29]
  • Design in America: The Cranbrook Vision. 1984 exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum in New York.[32]
  • Design in America: The Cranbrook Vision, 1984 book<[32]
  • International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (ICSID) Exhibition, 1980
  • Best of Competition Gold Medal, Institute of Business Designers (IBD) and Contract Magazine, 1979[33]
  • Design in America: The Cranbrook Vision. 1984 Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum in New York.
  • Gold Award for Product Design Excellence (Seating), Institute of Business Designers (IBD) and Contract Magazine, 1979,
  • Meadmoore, The Modern Chair, 1975[34]
  • Austrian Government Gold Medal Award for Furniture 1968[12]
  • Master Design Award 1965, Product Engineering Magazine[35]
  • National Cotton Batting InstituteAward, 1958 for chair design[9]
  • Illuminating Engineering Society Award, for lighting design, 1951[9]
  • Best Piece of Business Furniture award from American Institute of Designers (AID)[36]

Museum collections containing Rowland's work

The Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York[37] The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York[26] Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[38] The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois[39] Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York[40] Palais du Louvre, Musée des Arts Decoratifs, Paris, France[41] Design Museum, London, England[42] Victoria and Albert Museum, London[43] Museu de Arte Moderna, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil[44]

Education

Die Neue Sammlung, Munich, Germany[44]

Patents

References

  1. ^ a b Meadmore, Clement (1975). The Modern Chair: Classics in Production. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. pp. 136–138. ISBN 0442253052.
  2. ^ "David Rowland, Maker of a Tidily Stacked Chair, Dies at 86". The New York Times. August 26, 2010.
  3. ^ "History of The Haggin Museum's Leyendecker Collection".
  4. ^ Stockton Highschool Yearbook. 1942.
  5. ^ "Military Service Announcement". The Stockton Record. October 6, 1945.
  6. ^ Principia Alumni Directory. 2006. p. 298.
  7. ^ Cranbrook Academy of Art Alumni Directory. 1994. p. 54.
  8. ^ "99% Perspiration". Metropolis Magazine: 112. December 2004.
  9. ^ a b c Who Was Who in American Art. Sound View Printers. June 1985. p. 2847. ISBN 0932087574.
  10. ^ "Transparent Chair Shows Off Decorative Springs". Christian Science Monitor. August 30, 1951. p. 6.
  11. ^ Kathryn B. Hiesinger; George H. Marcus (1993). Landmarks of Twentieth-Century Design: An Illustrated Handbook. New York: Abbeville Press. p. 380. ISBN 1-55859-279-2.
  12. ^ a b Rowland, David (October 6, 1988). "STACKABLE CHAIR. Designer David Rowland tells how at first, everyone turned it down ..." Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  13. ^ a b US 3080194, Rowland, David, "Compactly Stackable Chair", issued March 5, 1963 
  14. ^ US 3275371, Rowland, David, "Compactly Stackable Chair", issued September 27, 1966 
  15. ^ US 3278227, Rowland, David, "Compactly Stackable Chairs and Chair-Rows", issued October 11, 1966 
  16. ^ US 3338591, Rowland, David, "Dolly for Stacking Chairs", issued April 29, 1967 
  17. ^ US 3404916, Rowland, David, "Compactly Stackable Chair", issued October 8, 1968 
  18. ^ US 3446530, Rowland, David, "Nested Armchair", issued May 27, 1969 
  19. ^ Von, Robinson (December 2004). "99% Perspiration". Metropolis: 149.
  20. ^ a b "40/4 Chair". University Library, University of Illinois at Chicago. Archived from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  21. ^ J., W. (June 1964). "David Rowland's 40/4 Chair". Interiors Magazine: 102.
  22. ^ a b "David Rowland. 40/4 Stacking Chair. 1964". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  23. ^ Hiesinger, Kathryn B.; Marcus, George H. (1993). Landmarks of the Twentieth-Century Design, An Illustrated Handbook. New York: Abbeville Press. p. 223. ISBN 1-55859279-2.
  24. ^ a b Hevesi, Dennis (August 25, 2010). "David Rowland, Maker of a Tidily Stacked Chair, Dies at 86". The New York Times. p. B12.
  25. ^ Design in America : the Cranbrook vision, 1925-1950. Clark, Robert Judson, Belloli, Andrea P. A., Detroit Institute of Arts, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.). New York: Abrams, in association with the Detroit Institute of Arts and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1983. p. 129. ISBN 0810908018. OCLC 9393845.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  26. ^ a b "'40/4' side chair". The Met. 1960. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  27. ^ "Danish Brand Howe Relaunches in the U.S. Market". Interior Design. January 28, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
  28. ^ "David Rowland - introduction". Howe a/s. April 20, 2018. Archived from the original on July 6, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
  29. ^ a b "The Top 10 Commercial Interiors Products of the Past 50 Years". Contract Design Magazine: 22. March 2010.
  30. ^ David Rowland Obituary - Marion, Virginia | Legacy.com Retrieved 2018-05-12.
  31. ^ "US Wins Triennale Grand Prize". New York Herald Tribune. September 25, 1964.
  32. ^ a b The Detroit Institute of Arts; Robert Judson Clark (1983). Design in America : the Cranbrook vision, 1925–1950 : [The Detroit Institute of Arts, December 14, 1983 through February 19, 1984 ... Victoria and Albert Museum, London, April 1, 1984 through June 30, 1985]. New York: Abrams u.a. ISBN 0-8109-0801-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ "Thonet Takes Top IBD Award". Contract Design Magazine: 83. November 1979.
  34. ^ The modern chair: classics in production. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1975. ISBN 0-442-25305-2.
  35. ^ "New Fashions That Sit Well". Houston Chronicle. May 27, 1965.
  36. ^ "A.I.D. Gives Awards to 14 Designs". The New York Times. January 4, 1965.
  37. ^ "MoMA - The Collection - David Rowland. 40/4 Stacking Chair. 1964".
  38. ^ "Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : 40-in-4 Stacking Chair". Retrieved June 18, 2014.
  39. ^ "GF 40/4 Chair (one of a pair)". The Art Institute of Chicago.
  40. ^ "Decorative Arts | 'Sof-Tech' Side Chair". Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
  41. ^ Mel Byars; Foreword by Terence Riley (2004). The Design Encyclopedia. London: King [u.a.] ISBN 978-0870700125.
  42. ^ "1960s - A Century of Chairs - Design Museum London". Retrieved June 18, 2014.
  43. ^ "Chairs - Victoria and Albert Museum". February 9, 2011.
  44. ^ a b "David Rowland 40/4". Howe: 12. 2011.

External links

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