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[[Image:Älvdalen Municipality in Dalarna County.png|thumb|right|Älvdalen Municipality in [[Dalarna]]. Elfdalian is spoken in the southeastern half.]]
[[Image:Älvdalen Municipality in Dalarna County.png|thumb|right|Älvdalen Municipality in [[Dalarna]]. Elfdalian is spoken in the southeastern half.]]


'''Elfdalian''' or ''Övdalian'' (''Övdalsk'' or ''Övdalską'' in Elfdalian, ''Älvdalska'' or ''Älvdalsmål'' in [[Swedish language|Swedish]]) is a [[North Germanic language]] spoken by 3,000 people in the old parish of Övdaln, which is located in the southeastern part of [[Älvdalen Municipality]] in Northern [[Dalarna]], [[Sweden]].
'''Elfdalian''' or '''Övdalian''' (''Övdalsk'' or ''Övdalską'' in Elfdalian, ''Älvdalska'' or ''Älvdalsmål'' in [[Swedish language|Swedish]]) is a [[North Germanic language]] spoken by 3,000 people in the old parish of Övdaln, which is located in the southeastern part of [[Älvdalen Municipality]] in Northern [[Dalarna]], [[Sweden]].


Elfdalian developed from the ancient original Scandinavian language, [[Old Norse]], a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the [[Viking Age]], until about 1300. It developed in relative isolation since the Middle Ages and is considered to have remained closer to Old Norse than the other [[Dalecarlian dialects]].
Elfdalian developed from the ancient original Scandinavian language, [[Old Norse]], a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the [[Viking Age]], until about 1300. It developed in relative isolation since the Middle Ages and is considered to have remained closer to Old Norse than the other [[Dalecarlian dialects]].
Line 33: Line 33:


===Morphology===
===Morphology===
Elfdalian has a highly complex morphological structure, partially inherited from its Old Norse ancestor. Thus, it has personal conjugations on the verb and three genders and makes case distinctions. As in other Scandinavian languages, nouns have definite (def.) and indefinite (indef.) forms. The length of the root syllable plays a major role in the Elfdalian declensional and conjugational system. The declension of ''warg'' 'wolf' (long-syllabic, strong masculine noun) was as follows in what is sometimes called "Classic Elfdalian" (as described by Levander 1909):
Elfdalian has a morphological structure inherited from its Old Norse ancestor. Verbs are conjugated in person gender and nouns have four [[grammatical case|cases]]. As in other Scandinavian languages, nouns have definite and indefinite forms. The length of the root syllable plays a major role in the Elfdalian declensional and conjugational system. The declension of ''warg'', "wolf", (long-syllabic, strong masculine noun) was as follows in what is sometimes called "Classic Elfdalian" (as described by Levander 1909):


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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===Syntax===
===Syntax===
Unlike other Swedish vernaculars, the syntax of Elfdalian was investigated in the early 20th century (Levander 1909). However, although Elfdalian syntax has attracted increased attention, a majority of the syntactic phenomena is still uncharted. In May/June 2007 a group of linguists from the pan-Scandinavian NORMS network<ref>[http://norms.uit.no/ Nordic Center of Excellence in Microcomparative Syntax]</ref> conducted fieldwork in Älvdalen especially aimed at investigating the syntactic properties of the language.
Unlike other Swedish vernaculars, the syntax of Elfdalian was investigated in the early 20th century (Levander 1909). Although Elfdalian syntax has attracted increased attention, a majority of its syntactic elements are still unresearched. In May-June 2007 a group of linguists from the pan-Scandinavian NORMS network<ref>[http://norms.uit.no/ Nordic Center of Excellence in Microcomparative Syntax]</ref> conducted fieldwork in Älvdalen especially aimed at investigating the syntactic properties of the language.


Presented with the help of generative syntax, the following interesting Elfdalian features can be pointed out:
Presented with the help of generative syntax, the following features have been identified:


Only 1st and 2nd person plural pronouns (Rosenkvist 2006, 2010) can be dropped grammatically; 1st person plural pronouns may be dropped only if they appear directly in front of the finite verb. [[Raising (linguistics)|Verb raising]] occurs, although there is variation between generations (Garbacz 2006, 2010). Especially intriguing are the multiple subjects (Levander 1909:109), which seem to occur in clauses with the adverbial sakta ('actually') or the verb lär ('is possible'):
*Only first and second person plural pronouns (Rosenkvist 2006, 2010) can be dropped grammatically.
*First person plural pronouns may be dropped only if they appear directly in front of the finite verb. [[Raising (linguistics)|Verb raising]] occurs, although there is variation between generations (Garbacz 2006, 2010)
*Multiple subjects which seem to occur in clauses with the adverbial ''sakta'', "actually", or the verb ''lär'' "is possible".(Levander 1909:109)


:Du ir sakt du uvendes duktin dalsk.
:''Du ir sakt du uvendes duktin dalsk.''
:you are {{sc|advl}} you very good speak-Övdalian
:literally: "You are {{sc|advl}} you very good speak-Övdalian"
:’you are actually very good at speaking Övdalian’
:"You are actually very good at speaking Övdalian"


This has recently been studied more closely from a generative perspective in Rosenkvist (2007).
This has recently been studied more closely from a generative perspective by Rosenkvist (2007).


Other interesting syntactic properties are (from a Germanic perspective) negative concord, stylistic inversion, long distance reflexives, verb controlled datives, agent-verb word order in coordinated clauses with deleted subjects, etc. Some of these properties are archaisms (they also appeared in Old Swedish), whereas others are innovations, but none of them have been studied in any detail.
Other syntactic properties are negative concord, stylistic inversion, long distance reflexives, verb controlled datives, agent-verb word order in coordinated clauses with deleted subjects, etc. Some of these properties are archaic features that existed in [[Old Swedish]], whereas others are innovations, but none of them have been studied in any detail.


==Phonology==
It appears that Elfdalian displays a number of syntactic features that make it one of the most interesting Germanic languages. It is also one whose syntax has been the least studied.
⚫
Elfdalian is comparable to Swedish and Norwegian in number and quality of vowels, but also has nasal vowels. It has retained the [[Old Norse]] [[dental fricative]]. [[Alveolopalatal]] affricates occur in all Uvåsiljan dialects. Like many variants of Norwegian and Swedish, all Dalecarlian dialects except [[Orsamål dialect|Orsamål]] assimilate /rt, rd, rs, rn, rl/ into retroflex consonants. Stress is generally on the first syllable of a word.

==Phonetics==
⚫
Elfdalian is comparable to Swedish and Norwegian in number and quality of vowels, and in addition has a number of nasal vowels. Elfdalian has retained the [[Old Norse]] dental fricative. Alveolopalatal affricates occur in all Uvåsiljan dialects. Like the central and northern dialects of Norwegian and Swedish, all Dalecarlian dialects except [[Orsamål dialect|Orsmol]] turn consonant combinations rt, rd, rs and rn into retroflexives and also use a retroflexive lateral approximant.

Stress is generally on the first syllable of the word. The Dalecarlian dialects in general are recognised by their characteristic high amplexity of phrase tonality, which differs by parish.


==Writing systems==
==Writing systems==
⚫
In [[Älvdalen]] the [[Runic alphabet|Germanic Runes]] survived the longest. The last record of the Elfdalian Runes is from 1900; these runes are a variant of the [[Dalecarlian runes]]. Älvdalen can be said to have had its own alphabet during the 17th and 18th century.


⚫
Due to the great phonetic differences between Swedish and Elfdalian, the use of Swedish orthography for Elfdalian has been unpredictable and varied, e.g. as applied in the Prytz' play from 1622, which contains long passages in Elfdalian, or in the Elfdalian material published in the periodical ''Skansvakten''.
===History===
⚫
In [[Älvdalen]] the [[Runic alphabet|Germanic Runes]] have survived the longest. The last record of the Elfdalian Runes is from 1900; these runes are a variant of the [[Dalecarlian runes]]. Älvdalen can be said to have had its own alphabet during the 17th and 18th century.

⚫
Due to the great phonetic differences between Swedish and Elfdalian, the use of Swedish orthography for Elfdalian has been unpredictable and individual, e.g. as applied in Prytz' theatre piece from 1622, containing long passages in Elfdalian, or in the Elfdalian material published in the periodical Skansvakten.


A first attempt to create a separate Elfdalian orthography was made in 1999 by Bengt Åkerberg. Åkerberg's orthography was applied in some books and used in language courses. This orthography is based on Loka dialect and is highly phonetic, involving a great deal of diacritics (Sapir 2006).
A first attempt to create a separate Elfdalian orthography was made in 1999 by Bengt Åkerberg. Åkerberg's orthography was applied in some books and used in language courses. This orthography is based on Loka dialect and is highly phonetic, involving a great deal of diacritics (Sapir 2006).


===Råðdjärum's orthography===
===Råðdjärum's orthography===
In March 2005, a uniform standard orthography for Elfdalian was presented by ''Råðdjärum'' (lit. "Let us confer"), The Elfdalian Language Council, and accepted by ''Ulum Dalska'' (lit. 'Let us speak [[Dalecarlia]]n'), The Organization for the Preservation of Elfdalian. The new orthography has already been applied by Björn Rehnström in his book ''Trair byönner frą̊ Övdalim'' 'Three Bears from Älvdalen' published in 2007. Råðdjärum's orthography was also used in Bo Westling's translation of Saint-Exupéry's ''[[The Little Prince|Le petit prince]]'', ''Lisslprinsn''.
In March 2005, a uniform standard orthography for Elfdalian was presented by Råðdjärum (lit. "Let us confer"), The Elfdalian Language Council, and accepted by ''Ulum Dalska'' (lit. 'Let us speak [[Dalecarlia]]n'), The Organization for the Preservation of Elfdalian. The new orthography has already been applied by Björn Rehnström in his book ''Trair byönner frą̊ Övdalim'' 'Three Bears from Älvdalen' published in 2007. Råðdjärum's orthography was also used in Bo Westling's translation of Saint-Exupéry's ''[[The Little Prince|Le petit prince]]'', ''Lisslprinsn''.


===The Elfdalian Alphabet===
===Elfdalian alphabet===
{{main|Elfdalian alphabet}}
{{main|Elfdalian alphabet}}
The Elfdalian alphabet consists of the following letters:
The Elfdalian alphabet consists of the following letters:
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Besides letters occurring in the Swedish alphabet, Elfdalian has letters with [[ogonek]], denoting [[nasal vowels]]: Ąą, Ęę, Įį, Ųų, Y̨y̨ and Ą̊ą̊. Additionally, it contains the letter [[Ð]]ð for the [[voiced dental fricative]].
Besides letters occurring in the Swedish alphabet, Elfdalian has letters with [[ogonek]], denoting [[nasal vowels]]: Ąą, Ęę, Įį, Ųų, Y̨y̨ and Ą̊ą̊. Additionally, it contains the letter [[Ð]]ð for the [[voiced dental fricative]].


==Present situation==
==Language status==
Since Elfdalian has around 3,000 speakers, its existence is severely threatened. However, it is possible that it will receive an official status as a [[minority language]] in Sweden, which would entail numerous protections and encourage its use in schools and by writers and artists. The Swedish Parliament was due to address this issue in 2007, but apparently has not yet done so.<ref>[http://www.multietn.uu.se/information/elfdalian_english.html Uppsala University, Second Conference on Elfdalian, Älvdalen 12–14 June 2008]</ref> The [[Council of Europe]] has urged the Swedish government to reconsider the status of Elfdalian on four different occasions, most recently in October 2011. The Committee of Experts now encourages the Swedish authorities to investigate the status of Elfdalian through an independent scientific study.<ref>[http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/report/EvaluationReports/SwedenECRML4_en.pdf Report of the Committee of Experts on Sweden, October 2011], p. 9. Retrieved May 16 2013</ref>
Since Elfdalian has around 3,000 speakers and is in danger of [[language extinction|extinction]]. However, it is possible that it will receive an official status as a [[minority language]] in Sweden, which would entail numerous protections and encourage its use in schools and by writers and artists. The Swedish Parliament was due to address this issue in 2007, but apparently has not yet done so.<ref>[http://www.multietn.uu.se/information/elfdalian_english.html Uppsala University, Second Conference on Elfdalian, Älvdalen 12–14 June 2008]</ref> The [[Council of Europe]] has urged the Swedish government to reconsider the status of Elfdalian on four different occasions, most recently in October 2011. The Committee of Experts now encourages the Swedish authorities to investigate the status of Elfdalian through an independent scientific study.<ref>[http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/report/EvaluationReports/SwedenECRML4_en.pdf Report of the Committee of Experts on Sweden, October 2011], p. 9. Retrieved May 16 2013</ref>


===Preservation and standardization===
===Preservation and standardization===

Revision as of 16:01, 14 July 2014

Elfdalian
Övdalian
Övdalsk
Native toSweden
RegionÄlvdalen Municipality (Dalarna County)
Native speakers
Around 3,000[citation needed]
Latin (Elfdalian alphabet), Dalecarlian runes (until the 20th century)
Official status
Regulated bySwedish Language Council
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
qer
Älvdalen Municipality in Dalarna. Elfdalian is spoken in the southeastern half.

Elfdalian or Övdalian (Övdalsk or Övdalską in Elfdalian, Älvdalska or Älvdalsmål in Swedish) is a North Germanic language spoken by 3,000 people in the old parish of Övdaln, which is located in the southeastern part of Älvdalen Municipality in Northern Dalarna, Sweden.

Elfdalian developed from the ancient original Scandinavian language, Old Norse, a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300. It developed in relative isolation since the Middle Ages and is considered to have remained closer to Old Norse than the other Dalecarlian dialects.

Traditionally regarded as a Swedish dialect,[1] Elfdalian is today regarded by several linguists as a separate language.[2][3]

Classification

Elfdalian belongs to the Northern branch/Upper Siljan branch of the Dalecarlian dialects or vernaculars, which in their turn evolved from Old Norse, from which Dalecarlian vernaculars might have split as early as in the 8th or 9th century AD,[4] i.e., approximately when the North Germanic languages split into Western and Eastern branches.

Grammar

In common with some other Dalecarlian vernaculars spoken north of the Lake Siljan, Elfdalian retains numerous old grammatical and phonological features that have not changed considerably since Old Norse, and it is considered to be the most conservative and best preserved vernacular within the Dalecarlian branch. Having developed in relative isolation since the Middle Ages, quite a few linguistic innovations are also present in the language.

Morphology

Elfdalian has a morphological structure inherited from its Old Norse ancestor. Verbs are conjugated in person gender and nouns have four cases. As in other Scandinavian languages, nouns have definite and indefinite forms. The length of the root syllable plays a major role in the Elfdalian declensional and conjugational system. The declension of warg, "wolf", (long-syllabic, strong masculine noun) was as follows in what is sometimes called "Classic Elfdalian" (as described by Levander 1909):

warg 'wolf' sg.indef. sg.def. pl.indef. pl.def.
nominative warg wargen warger wargär
accusative warg wardjin warga wargą
dative wardje wardjem wargum wargum(e)
genitive (wardjes) wardjemes — wargumes

Today the distinction between nominative and accusative may have been lost in full nouns, and the genitive has generally been replaced by -es forms (see Dahl & Koptjevskaja-Tamm 2005), but many speakers retain the distinct dative case, used especially after prepositions and also certain verbs (such as jåpa, 'help'). [5]

Syntax

Unlike other Swedish vernaculars, the syntax of Elfdalian was investigated in the early 20th century (Levander 1909). Although Elfdalian syntax has attracted increased attention, a majority of its syntactic elements are still unresearched. In May-June 2007 a group of linguists from the pan-Scandinavian NORMS network[6] conducted fieldwork in Älvdalen especially aimed at investigating the syntactic properties of the language.

Presented with the help of generative syntax, the following features have been identified:

  • Only first and second person plural pronouns (Rosenkvist 2006, 2010) can be dropped grammatically.
  • First person plural pronouns may be dropped only if they appear directly in front of the finite verb. Verb raising occurs, although there is variation between generations (Garbacz 2006, 2010)
  • Multiple subjects which seem to occur in clauses with the adverbial sakta, "actually", or the verb lär "is possible".(Levander 1909:109)
Du ir sakt du uvendes duktin dalsk.
literally: "You are ADVL you very good speak-Övdalian"
"You are actually very good at speaking Övdalian"

This has recently been studied more closely from a generative perspective by Rosenkvist (2007).

Other syntactic properties are negative concord, stylistic inversion, long distance reflexives, verb controlled datives, agent-verb word order in coordinated clauses with deleted subjects, etc. Some of these properties are archaic features that existed in Old Swedish, whereas others are innovations, but none of them have been studied in any detail.

Phonology

Elfdalian is comparable to Swedish and Norwegian in number and quality of vowels, but also has nasal vowels. It has retained the Old Norse dental fricative. Alveolopalatal affricates occur in all Uvåsiljan dialects. Like many variants of Norwegian and Swedish, all Dalecarlian dialects except Orsamål assimilate /rt, rd, rs, rn, rl/ into retroflex consonants. Stress is generally on the first syllable of a word.

Writing systems

In Älvdalen the Germanic Runes survived the longest. The last record of the Elfdalian Runes is from 1900; these runes are a variant of the Dalecarlian runes. Älvdalen can be said to have had its own alphabet during the 17th and 18th century.

Due to the great phonetic differences between Swedish and Elfdalian, the use of Swedish orthography for Elfdalian has been unpredictable and varied, e.g. as applied in the Prytz' play from 1622, which contains long passages in Elfdalian, or in the Elfdalian material published in the periodical Skansvakten.

A first attempt to create a separate Elfdalian orthography was made in 1999 by Bengt Åkerberg. Åkerberg's orthography was applied in some books and used in language courses. This orthography is based on Loka dialect and is highly phonetic, involving a great deal of diacritics (Sapir 2006).

Råðdjärum's orthography

In March 2005, a uniform standard orthography for Elfdalian was presented by Råðdjärum (lit. "Let us confer"), The Elfdalian Language Council, and accepted by Ulum Dalska (lit. 'Let us speak Dalecarlian'), The Organization for the Preservation of Elfdalian. The new orthography has already been applied by Björn Rehnström in his book Trair byönner frą̊ Övdalim 'Three Bears from Älvdalen' published in 2007. Råðdjärum's orthography was also used in Bo Westling's translation of Saint-Exupéry's Le petit prince, Lisslprinsn.

Elfdalian alphabet

Main article: Elfdalian alphabet

The Elfdalian alphabet consists of the following letters:

Aa Ąą Bb Cc Dd Đð Ee Ęę Ff Gg Hh Ii Įį Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Ųų Vv Ww Xx Yy Y̨y̨ Zz Åå Ą̊ą̊ Ää Öö

Besides letters occurring in the Swedish alphabet, Elfdalian has letters with ogonek, denoting nasal vowels: Ąą, Ęę, Įį, Ųų, Y̨y̨ and Ą̊ą̊. Additionally, it contains the letter Ðð for the voiced dental fricative.

Language status

Since Elfdalian has around 3,000 speakers and is in danger of extinction. However, it is possible that it will receive an official status as a minority language in Sweden, which would entail numerous protections and encourage its use in schools and by writers and artists. The Swedish Parliament was due to address this issue in 2007, but apparently has not yet done so.[7] The Council of Europe has urged the Swedish government to reconsider the status of Elfdalian on four different occasions, most recently in October 2011. The Committee of Experts now encourages the Swedish authorities to investigate the status of Elfdalian through an independent scientific study.[8]

Preservation and standardization

Ulum Dalska, The Organization for the Preservation of Elfdalian, was established in 1984 with the aim of preserving and documenting the Elfdalian language. In 2005, Ulum Dalska launched a process aimed at bringing about an official recognition of Elfdalian as a language by the Swedish authorities.

Råðdjärum, The Elfdalian Language Committee was established in August 2004 within Ulum Dalska, its first task being to create a new standard orthography for Elfdalian. In March 2005 the new orthography created by Råðdjärum was accepted by the Ulum Dalska at their annual meeting. Råðdjärum consists of five permanent members: linguist Östen Dahl, dialectologist Gunnar Nyström, teacher Inga-Britt Petersson, linguist and coordinator of the committee Dr. Yair Sapir, and linguist Lars Steensland.

As an initiative from Ulum Dalska to encourage children to speak Elfdalian, all school children in Älvdalen who finish the ninth grade and can prove that they can speak Elfdalian receive a 6,000 SEK stipend.[9]

Notes

  1. ^ Ekberg, Lena (2010). "The National Minority Languages in Sweden". In Gerhard Stickel (ed.). National, Regional and Minority Languages in Europe: Contributions to the Annual Conference 2009 of Efnil in Dublin. Peter Lang. pp. 87–92. ISBN 9783631603659. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  2. ^ Dahl, Östen; Dahlberg, Ingrid; Delsing, Lars-Olof; Halvarsson, Herbert; Larsson, Gösta; Nyström, Gunnar; Olsson, Rut; Sapir, Yair; Steensland, Lars; Williams, Henrik (8 Feb 2007). "Älvdalskan är ett språk – inte en svensk dialekt". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm. Retrieved 7 March 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Dahl, Östen (Dec 2008). "Älvdalska – eget språk eller värsting bland dialekter?". Språktidningen (in Swedish). Retrieved 16 May 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Levander, Lars, Dalmålet, vol. 1, 1925, pp. 37–38.
  5. ^ Dahl, Östen (2009). "Testing the Assumption of Complexity Invariance: The Case of Elfdalian and Swedish". In Geoffrey Sampson (ed.). Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable. Gil David, Peter Trudgill. Oxford UP. pp. 50–63. ISBN 9780191567667. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  6. ^ Nordic Center of Excellence in Microcomparative Syntax
  7. ^ Uppsala University, Second Conference on Elfdalian, Älvdalen 12–14 June 2008
  8. ^ Report of the Committee of Experts on Sweden, October 2011, p. 9. Retrieved May 16 2013
  9. ^ Rehnström, Björn (25 April 2013). "Får 6000 för att prata älvdalska". Dalarnas Tidningar (in Swedish).

References

In English

In Swedish

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