First Jordan Hydro-Electric Power House: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
verification has been established; FRUS is a WP:RS. The primary source question is a separate matter.
Undid revision 956171207 by Onceinawhile (talk) still a primary source used in violation of policy , and WP:ONUS not met.
Line 42: Line 42:
The plant operated between 1932 and 1948.<ref name="Sofer1999"/><ref>[https://archive.org/details/palestinebookjew00weis/page/57/mode/1up Advertisement by the Palestine Electric Corporation], in the [[1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair#Jewish_Palestine_Pavilion|Brochure for the Jewish Palestine Pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair]], page 57</ref><ref>[https://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/A-Survey-of-Palestine/Story6974.html Chapter XIII: Section 4: A Survey of Industry: Electric Supply in Palestine: Palestine Electric Corporation Ltd], [[Survey of Palestine]], Volume I, page 533</ref>. The opening ceremony took place on 9 June 1932, attended by Emir [[Abdullah I of Jordan]] and British officials including the High Commissioner [[Arthur Grenfell Wauchope]], Colonel Charles Henry Fortnom Cox, and Sir Steuart Spencer Davis.<ref>Reguer, 1995, p.721</ref>
The plant operated between 1932 and 1948.<ref name="Sofer1999"/><ref>[https://archive.org/details/palestinebookjew00weis/page/57/mode/1up Advertisement by the Palestine Electric Corporation], in the [[1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair#Jewish_Palestine_Pavilion|Brochure for the Jewish Palestine Pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair]], page 57</ref><ref>[https://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/A-Survey-of-Palestine/Story6974.html Chapter XIII: Section 4: A Survey of Industry: Electric Supply in Palestine: Palestine Electric Corporation Ltd], [[Survey of Palestine]], Volume I, page 533</ref>. The opening ceremony took place on 9 June 1932, attended by Emir [[Abdullah I of Jordan]] and British officials including the High Commissioner [[Arthur Grenfell Wauchope]], Colonel Charles Henry Fortnom Cox, and Sir Steuart Spencer Davis.<ref>Reguer, 1995, p.721</ref>


The plant ceased operations following the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. It was captured by the Transjordanian [[Arab Legion]] on May 14, 1948;<ref>{{cite book|title=The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East from the 1948 War of Independence to the Present|page=40|first=Chaim|last=Hertsog|publisher=Vintage Books|year=2005}}</ref> Transjordan had a secret agreement with Israel regarding protection of the works.<ref name=Statedept>{{cite book|title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949: The Near East, South Asia, Africa (Chapter: Israel)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Fa8MNwbQC8MC&pg=PA981|year=1976|publisher=State Department Historical Office|pages=981, reference to Despatch 65 from Amman, 890i.6463/7-1149}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=April 2020}} United States [[Chargé d'affaires]] [[Wells Stabler]] reported in a confidential despatch that when the Iraqi army arrived, the Israeli operators of the plant blew up some of the electricity generators ([[alternator]]s) in the plant and the plant was subsequently looted by the Iraqi troops.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jewish-Transjordanian Relations, 1921-48|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1997|page=283|first=Yoav|last=Gelber}}</ref> 38 workers were captured;<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schayegh|first=Cyrus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mj3LCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA302|title=The Routledge Handbook of the History of the Middle East Mandates|last2=Arsan|first2=Andrew|date=2015-06-05|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=978-1-317-49706-6|location=|pages=302|language=en}}</ref> they were released only after the [[1949 Armistice Agreements| Armistice Agreements]] were signed on 3 April 1949.<ref name=":1">Meiton, 2019, p.214</ref> Stabler's despatch on 11 July 1949, written after a visit to the site, read:
The plant ceased operations following the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. It was captured by the Transjordanian [[Arab Legion]] on May 14, 1948;<ref>{{cite book|title=The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East from the 1948 War of Independence to the Present|page=40|first=Chaim|last=Hertsog|publisher=Vintage Books|year=2005}}</ref> Transjordan had a secret agreement with Israel regarding protection of the works.<ref name=Statedept>{{cite book|title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949: The Near East, South Asia, Africa (Chapter: Israel)|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Fa8MNwbQC8MC&pg=PA981|year=1976|publisher=State Department Historical Office|pages=981, reference to Despatch 65 from Amman, 890i.6463/7-1149}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=April 2020}} United States [[Chargé d'affaires]] [[Wells Stabler]] reported in a confidential despatch that when the Iraqi army arrived, the Israeli operators of the plant blew up some of the electricity generators ([[alternator]]s) in the plant and the plant was subsequently looted by the Iraqi troops.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jewish-Transjordanian Relations, 1921-48|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1997|page=283|first=Yoav|last=Gelber}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2020|reason=no such info about Israeli operators blowing up dynamos in Gelber's book}}38 workers were captured;<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schayegh|first=Cyrus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mj3LCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA302|title=The Routledge Handbook of the History of the Middle East Mandates|last2=Arsan|first2=Andrew|date=2015-06-05|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=978-1-317-49706-6|location=|pages=302|language=en}}</ref> they were released only after the [[1949 Armistice Agreements| Armistice Agreements]] were signed on 3 April 1949.<ref name=":1">Meiton, 2019, p.214</ref> Stabler's despatch on 11 July 1949, written after a visit to the site, read:
<blockquote>It is understood that prior to the hostilities In May 1948, the Jordan Government and the Jewish Agency reached some form of agreement concerning the protection of the Hydro-Electric works. It is possible that the Jordan Government would have been able to observe this agreement if it had not been for the arrival of the Iraqi forces. When the Iraqi forces came into the area, the Israelis departed, but only after blowing up certain of the dynamos in the main dynamo building. Later the Iraqi finished the job, even removing numerous machines.... The area has been under the control of the Arab Legion since the departure of the Iraqi troops three months ago. All looting and damage has been stopped by the Legion and the area is under guard. ... It is quite obvious that the Rutenberg Hydro-Electric works can only be operated again by an agreement between Jordan and Israel. Jordan, on its part, is incapable of operating such a works by itself and, moreover, the Israelis can control the flow of the Jordan. Israel, on the other hand, cannot commence operations of the works as all the buildings are in Jordan territory. In addition, Jordan can control the flow of the Yarmuk River. It would appear that it would take some time yet to reach an agreement on the operation of the Rutenberg Hydro-Electric works as it remains, along with the Dead Sea Potash Works, an important bargaining point for Jordan.</blockquote>
<blockquote>It is understood that prior to the hostilities In May 1948, the Jordan Government and the Jewish Agency reached some form of agreement concerning the protection of the Hydro-Electric works. It is possible that the Jordan Government would have been able to observe this agreement if it had not been for the arrival of the Iraqi forces. When the Iraqi forces came into the area, the Israelis departed, but only after blowing up certain of the dynamos in the main dynamo building. Later the Iraqi finished the job, even removing numerous machines.... The area has been under the control of the Arab Legion since the departure of the Iraqi troops three months ago. All looting and damage has been stopped by the Legion and the area is under guard. ... It is quite obvious that the Rutenberg Hydro-Electric works can only be operated again by an agreement between Jordan and Israel. Jordan, on its part, is incapable of operating such a works by itself and, moreover, the Israelis can control the flow of the Jordan. Israel, on the other hand, cannot commence operations of the works as all the buildings are in Jordan territory. In addition, Jordan can control the flow of the Yarmuk River. It would appear that it would take some time yet to reach an agreement on the operation of the Rutenberg Hydro-Electric works as it remains, along with the Dead Sea Potash Works, an important bargaining point for Jordan.</blockquote>


Revision as of 23:17, 11 May 2020

circa 1935
2013
Rutenberg's power station, known as the "First Jordan Power House"
circa 1933
2009
Yarmouk Lake Dam

The First Jordan Hydro-Electric Power House, also known as the Rutenberg Power Station or the Naharayim Power Plant or the Tel Or Power Plant, was a conventional dammed hydroelectric power station on the Jordan river, was situated in Naharayim, Emirate of Transjordan, built to supply power to Mandatory Palestine.

The plant was constructed – under concession from the Mandatory government – by Pinhas Rutenberg's Palestine Electric Corporation, based on a plan put forward in 1926. It followed his original 1920 Rutenberg plan to build ten reservoirs and fourteen hydroelectric plants on the Jordan river.[1][2] Financial capital for the project came from the worldwide Jewish community, organized with limited publicity in order to allow Rutenberg to be presented as an "entrepreneur" rather than part of the Zionist Organization.[3]

Concession

On 8 December 1920, Pinhas Rutenberg submitted a 60 page proposal to the British Mandatory government, proposing to build 14 hydroelectric power stations along the Jordan River[4] On 21 September 1921, a concession agreement was signed between the British Government and Rutenberg granting him a monopoly over "utilization of such of the waters of the River Jordan and its basin including the Yarmuk River and all other affluents" and a right to "erect a power house near Jisr-el-Mujamyeh".[5] This agreement required Rutenberg to form a company with at least GBP1 million of capital within two years; such company was formed, named the Palestine Electric Corporation(PEC). The concession was then formalized on 5 March 1926 for a 70 year period and validated in Mandatory Palestine by the Electricity Concessions Ordinance 1927 and in the Emirate of Transjordan by the Electricity Concession Law, 1928.[6]

Construction

Plans for the three power stations across the region
Lands acquired in the area
Plans of Rutenberg's Palestine Electric Company

The plant was constructed between 1926 and 1933. About 3000 workers were employed during the construction[7] Rutenberg's original proposal explain that the location near Jisr Majami was the only site on which it was "possible to begin construction of a powerhouse immediately", due to the required proximity to the Sea of Galilee (which would act as a natural reservoir) and because it represented the location which has been most densely settled by Jews. [8] The choice of the location influenced the ongoing Anglo-French discussions over the location of the mandatory borders, which became the Paulet–Newcombe Agreement.[9] A similar dynamic appeared in the finalization of the eastern border with respect to what became known as the "Semakh triangle".[10]

Operation

The plant operated between 1932 and 1948.[1][11][12]. The opening ceremony took place on 9 June 1932, attended by Emir Abdullah I of Jordan and British officials including the High Commissioner Arthur Grenfell Wauchope, Colonel Charles Henry Fortnom Cox, and Sir Steuart Spencer Davis.[13]

The plant ceased operations following the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. It was captured by the Transjordanian Arab Legion on May 14, 1948;[14] Transjordan had a secret agreement with Israel regarding protection of the works.[15][non-primary source needed] United States Chargé d'affaires Wells Stabler reported in a confidential despatch that when the Iraqi army arrived, the Israeli operators of the plant blew up some of the electricity generators (alternators) in the plant and the plant was subsequently looted by the Iraqi troops.[16][failed verification]38 workers were captured;[17] they were released only after the Armistice Agreements were signed on 3 April 1949.[18] Stabler's despatch on 11 July 1949, written after a visit to the site, read:

It is understood that prior to the hostilities In May 1948, the Jordan Government and the Jewish Agency reached some form of agreement concerning the protection of the Hydro-Electric works. It is possible that the Jordan Government would have been able to observe this agreement if it had not been for the arrival of the Iraqi forces. When the Iraqi forces came into the area, the Israelis departed, but only after blowing up certain of the dynamos in the main dynamo building. Later the Iraqi finished the job, even removing numerous machines.... The area has been under the control of the Arab Legion since the departure of the Iraqi troops three months ago. All looting and damage has been stopped by the Legion and the area is under guard. ... It is quite obvious that the Rutenberg Hydro-Electric works can only be operated again by an agreement between Jordan and Israel. Jordan, on its part, is incapable of operating such a works by itself and, moreover, the Israelis can control the flow of the Jordan. Israel, on the other hand, cannot commence operations of the works as all the buildings are in Jordan territory. In addition, Jordan can control the flow of the Yarmuk River. It would appear that it would take some time yet to reach an agreement on the operation of the Rutenberg Hydro-Electric works as it remains, along with the Dead Sea Potash Works, an important bargaining point for Jordan.

Proposals to reopen

Various proposals were made for cooperation between Israel and Jordan regarding the use of the Jordan river in the wake of the 1948 war.[19][20] After armistice agreement was signed a PEC executives have proposed to open the plant but the Jordanian king refused.[18] Proposal to apply the seven-state Tennessee Valley Authority scheme to the area was submitted to the United Nations in 1953,[19][20] stating:[21]

Near the junction of the Jordan and Yarmuk Rivers is located the Tel Or hydroelectric plant with an installed capacity reported to be about 18,000 kilowatts. It was designed to use waters of both of these rivers, and to make use of Lake Tiberias for storage purposes. The unified development of the Jordan Valley waters giving primary consideration to irrigation uses will result in diverting most of the Yarmuk and Jordan waters from the Tel Or plant and will make its operation entirely in-feasible. It is at present reported to be incapable of being operated, and its repair and replacement for permanent service seems to be entirely unjustified, if the overall plan herein proposed is to be followed. The plant might be repaired and used during the development period as a temporary source of power for construction purposes.

Gallery

  • 1921 Agreement for the Granting of a Concession for the Utilization of the Waters of the Rivers Jordan and Yarmuk and their affluents for generating and supplying Electrical Energy
    1921 Agreement for the Granting of a Concession for the Utilization of the Waters of the Rivers Jordan and Yarmuk and their affluents for generating and supplying Electrical Energy
  • Rutenberg caricatured in Punch on 7 June 1922, whilst the concession was being actively discussed during the British House of Lords debates on the Mandate for Palestine.
    Rutenberg caricatured in Punch on 7 June 1922, whilst the concession was being actively discussed during the British House of Lords debates on the Mandate for Palestine.
  • 1927 documents containing the concession as signed in 1926 and their passage into Palestinian law
    1927 documents containing the concession as signed in 1926 and their passage into Palestinian law
  • 1928 General Scheme plan
    1928 General Scheme plan
  • Opening ceremony
    Opening ceremony
  • Front page of the Arabic newspaper Falastin on the 15th anniversary of the Balfour Declaration, 2 November 1932. The power plant is shown in the top left corner of the cartoon (Arabic: مشروع كهرباء روتنبرغ, romanized: Mashrue Kahraba' Rutenburgh, lit. 'Rutenberg Electricity Project')
    Front page of the Arabic newspaper Falastin on the 15th anniversary of the Balfour Declaration, 2 November 1932. The power plant is shown in the top left corner of the cartoon (Arabic: مشروع كهرباء روتنبرغ, romanized: Mashrue Kahraba' Rutenburgh, lit. 'Rutenberg Electricity Project')
  • 1936 diagram of the transmission lines leading from the plant
    1936 diagram of the transmission lines leading from the plant

Relevant documents

Bibliography

  • Meiton, Fredrik (15 January 2019). Electrical Palestine: Capital and Technology from Empire to Nation. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-96848-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Meiton, F. (2015). The Radiance of the Jewish National Home: Technocapitalism, Electrification, and the Making of Modern Palestine. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 57(4), 975-1006. doi:10.1017/S0010417515000419
  • Shamir, Ronen (6 November 2013). Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8868-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Smith, Barbara J. (1 July 1993). "Monopoly Rights for Jewish Enterprise". The Roots of Separatism in Palestine: British Economic Policy, 1920-1929. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-2578-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Reguer, Sara. “Rutenberg and the Jordan River: A Revolution in Hydro-Electricity.” Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 31, no. 4, 1995, pp. 691–729. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4283757. Accessed 12 Apr. 2020.

References

  1. ^ a b Sofer, Arnon (1999). Rivers of Fire: The Conflict Over Water in the Middle East. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 155–. ISBN 978-0-8476-8511-0.
  2. ^ Reguer, 1995, p.692
  3. ^ Smith 1993, pp. 118–121.
  4. ^ Meiton, 2015, cites Rutenberg proposal, 8 December 1920, CO 733/9
  5. ^ Agreement for the Granting of a Concession for the Utilization of the Waters of the Rivers Jordan and Yarmouk and Their Affluents for Generating and Supplying Electrical Energy
  6. ^ Survey of Palestine: Volume II, page 973
  7. ^ Shmuel, Avitzur. "The Power Plant on Two Rivers". mfa.gov.il. Retrieved 2020-04-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ Meiton, 2015, p.994
  9. ^ Meiton, 2015, p.996
  10. ^ Yitzhak Gil-Har. “British Commitments to the Arabs and Their Application to the Palestine-Trans-Jordan Boundary: The Issue of the Semakh Triangle.” Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 29, no. 4, 1993, pp. 690–701. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4283600. Accessed 12 Apr. 2020.
  11. ^ Advertisement by the Palestine Electric Corporation, in the Brochure for the Jewish Palestine Pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair, page 57
  12. ^ Chapter XIII: Section 4: A Survey of Industry: Electric Supply in Palestine: Palestine Electric Corporation Ltd, Survey of Palestine, Volume I, page 533
  13. ^ Reguer, 1995, p.721
  14. ^ Hertsog, Chaim (2005). The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East from the 1948 War of Independence to the Present. Vintage Books. p. 40.
  15. ^ Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949: The Near East, South Asia, Africa (Chapter: Israel). State Department Historical Office. 1976. pp. 981, reference to Despatch 65 from Amman, 890i.6463/7-1149.
  16. ^ Gelber, Yoav (1997). Jewish-Transjordanian Relations, 1921-48. Psychology Press. p. 283.
  17. ^ Schayegh, Cyrus; Arsan, Andrew (2015-06-05). The Routledge Handbook of the History of the Middle East Mandates. Routledge. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-317-49706-6.
  18. ^ a b Meiton, 2019, p.214
  19. ^ a b Sosland, Jeffrey K. (5 June 2008). Cooperating Rivals: The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin. SUNY Press. pp. 221–. ISBN 978-0-7914-7202-6.
  20. ^ a b Smith, C. G. “The Disputed Waters of the Jordan,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, no. 40, 1966, pp. 111–128., doi:10.2307/621572
  21. ^ "[The Unified Development of the Water Resources of the Jordan Valley Region", prepared in 1953 at the request of the U.N. This plan, drawn up by Charles T. Main, Inc., under the direction of the Tennessee Valley Authority
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Jordan_Hydro-Electric_Power_House&oldid=956182127"