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In 1827 he completed construction of a treaty house partially funded by the United States. The [[Richardville House]] is the first in northeastern Indiana to be built in the Greek Revival style, the oldest Native American house in the state, and one of the few surviving treaty houses in the United States. It was designated in 2012 as a [[National Historic Landmark]].
In 1827 he completed construction of a treaty house partially funded by the United States. The [[Richardville House]] is the first in northeastern Indiana to be built in the Greek Revival style, the oldest Native American house in the state, and one of the few surviving treaty houses in the United States. It was designated in 2012 as a [[National Historic Landmark]].


⚫
==Early life and education==
==Biography==
⚫
===Early life and education===
Jean Baptiste de Richardville (Peshewa or Pinšiwa, meaning "[[Wildcat]]" or "[[Lynx]]" in the [[Miami-Illinois language]]) was born about 1761 in the [[Miami people|Miami]] (Myaami) village of [[Kekionga]] (Miamitown), present-day [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]].<ref name=Chaput114>{{cite journal| author=Donald Chaput| title =The Family of Drouet de Richeville: Merchants, Soldiers, and Chiefs of Indiana | journal =Indiana Magazine of History | volume =74 | issue =2 | page=114 | publisher =Indiana University | location =Bloomington | date =June 1978| url =https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/10088/ | accessdate =December 12, 2019}}</ref><ref name=Rafert48>{{cite book | author= Stewart Rafert | title =The Miami Indians of Indiana: A Persistent People, 1654–1994 | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | series = | volume = | edition = | year =1996 | location =Indianapolis | page=48 | url = | isbn =0871951118}}</ref> He was the [[Métis in the United States|métis]] (half [[French people|French]] and half Miami) son of [[Tacumwah]], an influential Miami chieftess of the Atchatchakangouen band and the sister of the Miami chief [[Pacanne]], and Antoine-Joseph Drouet de Richerville, a French-[[Canadians|Canadian]] [[fur trader]] at Kekionga from about 1750 to 1770. By the late 1780s, Antoine-Joseph de Richerville had permanently settled at [[Trois-Rivières]] (Three Rivers) in [[Quebec]], [[Canada]].<ref name=Anson189>{{cite book | author=Bert Anson | title =The Miami Indians | publisher = University of Oklahoma Press | series = | volume = | edition = | year =2000 | location =Norman | page=13 (footnote 28) and 189 | url = | isbn =0-8061-3197-7}}</ref><ref name=Rafert48/><ref name=Chaput112>Chaput, p. 112.</ref><ref>{{cite book | author= Wallace A. Brice | title =History of Fort Wayne, from the Earliest Known Accounts of This Point, to the Present Period | publisher =D. W. Jones and Son | year =1868 | location =Fort Wayne, Indiana | page=315 | url = | isbn =}} (1971 reprint; Unigraphic)</ref> Historian Donald Chaput described the Drouets as "one of the most significant families of officers-traders in the western [[Great Lakes region]]."<ref>Chaput, p. 104.</ref> Through his mother's family, Jean Baptiste de Richardville was also the nephew of two Miami chiefs, [[Little Turtle]] and Pacanne.<ref name=Chaput113>Chaput, p. 113.</ref>
Jean Baptiste de Richardville (Peshewa or Pinšiwa, meaning "[[Wildcat]]" or "[[Lynx]]" in the [[Miami-Illinois language]]) was born about 1761 in the [[Miami people|Miami]] (Myaami) village of [[Kekionga]] (Miamitown), present-day [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]].<ref name=Chaput114>{{cite journal| author=Donald Chaput| title =The Family of Drouet de Richeville: Merchants, Soldiers, and Chiefs of Indiana | journal =Indiana Magazine of History | volume =74 | issue =2 | page=114 | publisher =Indiana University | location =Bloomington | date =June 1978| url =https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/10088/ | accessdate =December 12, 2019}}</ref><ref name=Rafert48>{{cite book | author= Stewart Rafert | title =The Miami Indians of Indiana: A Persistent People, 1654–1994 | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | series = | volume = | edition = | year =1996 | location =Indianapolis | page=48 | url = | isbn =0871951118}}</ref> He was the [[Métis in the United States|métis]] (half [[French people|French]] and half Miami) son of [[Tacumwah]], an influential Miami chieftess of the Atchatchakangouen band and the sister of the Miami chief [[Pacanne]], and Antoine-Joseph Drouet de Richerville, a French-[[Canadians|Canadian]] [[fur trader]] at Kekionga from about 1750 to 1770. By the late 1780s, Antoine-Joseph de Richerville had permanently settled at [[Trois-Rivières]] (Three Rivers) in [[Quebec]], [[Canada]].<ref name=Anson189>{{cite book | author=Bert Anson | title =The Miami Indians | publisher = University of Oklahoma Press | series = | volume = | edition = | year =2000 | location =Norman | page=13 (footnote 28) and 189 | url = | isbn =0-8061-3197-7}}</ref><ref name=Rafert48/><ref name=Chaput112>Chaput, p. 112.</ref><ref>{{cite book | author= Wallace A. Brice | title =History of Fort Wayne, from the Earliest Known Accounts of This Point, to the Present Period | publisher =D. W. Jones and Son | year =1868 | location =Fort Wayne, Indiana | page=315 | url = | isbn =}} (1971 reprint; Unigraphic)</ref> Historian Donald Chaput described the Drouets as "one of the most significant families of officers-traders in the western [[Great Lakes region]]."<ref>Chaput, p. 104.</ref> Through his mother's family, Jean Baptiste de Richardville was also the nephew of two Miami chiefs, [[Little Turtle]] and Pacanne.<ref name=Chaput113>Chaput, p. 113.</ref>


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Richardville was initially reluctant to take part in Miami tribal affairs, preferring instead to culturally identify himself as a [[Creole peoples|creole Frenchman]], dress in French clothing, and take an interest in European culture. Because his tribe had a [[matrilineal]] power system, Richardville gained leadership status in the tribe from his mother's people, meaning he gained authority through his mother’s brother, Chief Pacanne. Richardville became more politically active in Miami affairs as an ally of his uncles, Chief Pacanne and Chief Little Turtle.<ref>Gugin and St. Clair, eds., pp. 233 and 290.</ref> After the [[War of 1812]], Richardville began to culturally identify more with the Miami people, instead of the creole French, and became a "prominent leader of the tribe."<ref name=GS291>Gugin and St. Clair, eds., p. 291.</ref> As an adult, Richardville refused to speak English or French languages or wear European-style clothing.<ref name=Anson189/>
Richardville was initially reluctant to take part in Miami tribal affairs, preferring instead to culturally identify himself as a [[Creole peoples|creole Frenchman]], dress in French clothing, and take an interest in European culture. Because his tribe had a [[matrilineal]] power system, Richardville gained leadership status in the tribe from his mother's people, meaning he gained authority through his mother’s brother, Chief Pacanne. Richardville became more politically active in Miami affairs as an ally of his uncles, Chief Pacanne and Chief Little Turtle.<ref>Gugin and St. Clair, eds., pp. 233 and 290.</ref> After the [[War of 1812]], Richardville began to culturally identify more with the Miami people, instead of the creole French, and became a "prominent leader of the tribe."<ref name=GS291>Gugin and St. Clair, eds., p. 291.</ref> As an adult, Richardville refused to speak English or French languages or wear European-style clothing.<ref name=Anson189/>


===Fur trader and entrepreneur===
==Fur trader and entrepreneur==
Richardville began his career as a trader and operated a successful trading post at Kekionga (Miamitown), near present day Fort Wayne, Indiana, while his mother ran a trading post at the Forks of the Wabash.<ref name=Chaput113/> These two outposts along the [[Maumee River]] and [[Wabash River|Wabash]] Rivers dominated trade between the two waterways, which connected the [[Great Lakes]] to the [[Mississippi River]] Valley. Richardville and his mother made most of their income from the [[fur trade]], but they also established a profitable business charging fees to transport goods over
Richardville began his career as a trader and operated a successful trading post at Kekionga (Miamitown), near present day Fort Wayne, Indiana, while his mother ran a trading post at the Forks of the Wabash.<ref name=Chaput113/> These two outposts along the [[Maumee River]] and [[Wabash River|Wabash]] Rivers dominated trade between the two waterways, which connected the [[Great Lakes]] to the [[Mississippi River]] Valley. Richardville and his mother made most of their income from the [[fur trade]], but they also established a profitable business charging fees to transport goods over
and control of a [[portage]] connecting the Maumee River to the [[Little River (Indiana)|Little River]] (known in the present-day as the Little Wabash River).<ref name=Rafert48/><ref name=GS291/>
and control of a [[portage]] connecting the Maumee River to the [[Little River (Indiana)|Little River]] (known in the present-day as the Little Wabash River).<ref name=Rafert48/><ref name=GS291/>
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===Treaty of Greenville, 1795===
===Treaty of Greenville, 1795===
{{Main|Treaty of Greenville}}
{{Main|Treaty of Greenville}}

After the Native American defeat at the [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]] (1794), Richardville favored a negotiated peace agreement. He was one of three Miami signatories at the [[Treaty of Greenville]] (1795).<ref name=GS291/> This treaty established the boundaries of [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] lands in the [[Northwest Territory]] and recognized Indian rights to land they occupied. It also set aside land for forts and trading posts, as well as specifying that the U.S. government was the only authorized party who could purchase American Indian lands.<ref>Rafert, p. 60.</ref>
After the Native American defeat at the [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]] (1794), Richardville favored a negotiated peace agreement. He was one of three Miami signatories at the [[Treaty of Greenville]] (1795).<ref name=GS291/> This treaty established the boundaries of [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] lands in the [[Northwest Territory]] and recognized Indian rights to land they occupied. It also set aside land for forts and trading posts, as well as specifying that the U.S. government was the only authorized party who could purchase American Indian lands.<ref>Rafert, p. 60.</ref>


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{{Main|Treaty of Fort Wayne (1803)}}
{{Main|Treaty of Fort Wayne (1803)}}
{{Main|Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809)}}
{{Main|Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809)}}

In the early 1800s, Richardville's political influence increased due to his close association with his uncle, Chief Little Turtle. In an effort to protect the Miami people's interests by cooperating with the U.S. government, Richardville signed treaties with federal officials in 1802 and 1803. The [[Treaty of Fort Wayne (1803)]] was the first of four treaties negotiated with the Miamis between 1803 and 1809. It ceded to the U.S. government a large parcel of land in what became southwest Indiana and parts of [[Illinois]]. Most of the Miamis supported the terms of the treaty because very few of them lived on these ceded lands.<ref>Rafert, p. 69.</ref><ref name=GS291/>
In the early 1800s, Richardville's political influence increased due to his close association with his uncle, Chief Little Turtle. In an effort to protect the Miami people's interests by cooperating with the U.S. government, Richardville signed treaties with federal officials in 1802 and 1803. The [[Treaty of Fort Wayne (1803)]] was the first of four treaties negotiated with the Miamis between 1803 and 1809. It ceded to the U.S. government a large parcel of land in what became southwest Indiana and parts of [[Illinois]]. Most of the Miamis supported the terms of the treaty because very few of them lived on these ceded lands.<ref>Rafert, p. 69.</ref><ref name=GS291/>


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===Treaty of St. Marys, 1818===
===Treaty of St. Marys, 1818===
{{Main| Treaty of St. Mary's (1818)}}
{{Main| Treaty of St. Mary's (1818)}}

Richardville signed the [[Treaty of St. Mary's]] (1818), which ceded most of the Miami lands south of the Wabash River in central [[Indiana]] to the U.S. government. The treaty's harsh terms were punishment for the Miami people's lack of support to the United States during its War of 1812.<ref>{{cite book | author=Harvey Lewis Carter | title =The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash | publisher = University of Illinois Press | series = | volume = | edition = | year =1987 | location =Urbana|page=242| url = | isbn =0-252-01318-2}}</ref><ref name=GS291/> The Miamis eventually received 6.4 cents an acre for their land and an increase in their permanent annuity payment to $18,400, among other concessions of goods and services. Richardville and the other Miami leaders also negotiated with federal government officials to exempt from the land cessions an area known as the Miami National Reserve, a track of land encompassing {{convert|875000|acre|hectare}} , approximately {{convert|37|mi2|km2}}, in central Indiana, east of present-day [[Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo]] and and {{convert|30|mi|km}} northeast of [[Indianapolis]]. Because of its location near proposed highway and canal routes, the Miami National Reserve was one of the most potentially valuable pieces of land for commercial development in Indiana. The remaining Miami lands not ceded to the federal government were divided into six village reserves and 24 individual land allotments.<ref name=GS291/>
Richardville signed the [[Treaty of St. Mary's]] (1818), which ceded most of the Miami lands south of the Wabash River in central [[Indiana]] to the U.S. government. The treaty's harsh terms were punishment for the Miami people's lack of support to the United States during its War of 1812.<ref>{{cite book | author=Harvey Lewis Carter | title =The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash | publisher = University of Illinois Press | series = | volume = | edition = | year =1987 | location =Urbana|page=242| url = | isbn =0-252-01318-2}}</ref><ref name=GS291/> The Miamis eventually received 6.4 cents an acre for their land and an increase in their permanent annuity payment to $18,400, among other concessions of goods and services. Richardville and the other Miami leaders also negotiated with federal government officials to exempt from the land cessions an area known as the Miami National Reserve, a track of land encompassing {{convert|875000|acre|hectare}} , approximately {{convert|37|mi2|km2}}, in central Indiana, east of present-day [[Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo]] and and {{convert|30|mi|km}} northeast of [[Indianapolis]]. Because of its location near proposed highway and canal routes, the Miami National Reserve was one of the most potentially valuable pieces of land for commercial development in Indiana. The remaining Miami lands not ceded to the federal government were divided into six village reserves and 24 individual land allotments.<ref name=GS291/>


Revision as of 17:09, 7 January 2020

Jean Baptiste de Richardville
Richardville's grave at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Fort Wayne

Jean Baptiste de Richardville (c. 1761 – 13 August 1841), known as Pinšiwa in Miami (meaning Wildcat, also spelled Peshewa) and John Richardville, was the last akima (civil chief) of the Miami people.[1] He was a signatory to the Treaty of Greenville (1795) and later treaties with the United States through the Treaty of Mississinewas (1826). A fur trader who controlled an important portage connecting the Maumee River to the Little River, by his death in 1841 he was considered the wealthiest man in Indiana. He had acquired more than 20 square miles of property along the rivers.

In 1827 he completed construction of a treaty house partially funded by the United States. The Richardville House is the first in northeastern Indiana to be built in the Greek Revival style, the oldest Native American house in the state, and one of the few surviving treaty houses in the United States. It was designated in 2012 as a National Historic Landmark.

Early life and education

Jean Baptiste de Richardville (Peshewa or Pinšiwa, meaning "Wildcat" or "Lynx" in the Miami-Illinois language) was born about 1761 in the Miami (Myaami) village of Kekionga (Miamitown), present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana.[2][3] He was the métis (half French and half Miami) son of Tacumwah, an influential Miami chieftess of the Atchatchakangouen band and the sister of the Miami chief Pacanne, and Antoine-Joseph Drouet de Richerville, a French-Canadian fur trader at Kekionga from about 1750 to 1770. By the late 1780s, Antoine-Joseph de Richerville had permanently settled at Trois-Rivières (Three Rivers) in Quebec, Canada.[4][3][5][6] Historian Donald Chaput described the Drouets as "one of the most significant families of officers-traders in the western Great Lakes region."[7] Through his mother's family, Jean Baptiste de Richardville was also the nephew of two Miami chiefs, Little Turtle and Pacanne.[8]

Richardville spent part of his childhood with his father in Quebec, where he received a few years of formal education before returning to Kekionga in late 1770s to live among the Miamis with his mother.[3][9] During his youth, Richardville learned to speak fluent Miami (an Algonquian language), as well as French and English. By the time that Richardville returned to Kekionga, his mother, Tacumwah, had married Charles Beaubein, a French trader in the area. Tacumwah operated her own trading house at Kekionga, where her son learned to became successful a trader. Richardville also joined his mother's tribal community.[4][10]

Richardville was initially reluctant to take part in Miami tribal affairs, preferring instead to culturally identify himself as a creole Frenchman, dress in French clothing, and take an interest in European culture. Because his tribe had a matrilineal power system, Richardville gained leadership status in the tribe from his mother's people, meaning he gained authority through his mother’s brother, Chief Pacanne. Richardville became more politically active in Miami affairs as an ally of his uncles, Chief Pacanne and Chief Little Turtle.[11] After the War of 1812, Richardville began to culturally identify more with the Miami people, instead of the creole French, and became a "prominent leader of the tribe."[12] As an adult, Richardville refused to speak English or French languages or wear European-style clothing.[4]

Fur trader and entrepreneur

Richardville began his career as a trader and operated a successful trading post at Kekionga (Miamitown), near present day Fort Wayne, Indiana, while his mother ran a trading post at the Forks of the Wabash.[8] These two outposts along the Maumee River and Wabash Rivers dominated trade between the two waterways, which connected the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River Valley. Richardville and his mother made most of their income from the fur trade, but they also established a profitable business charging fees to transport goods over and control of a portage connecting the Maumee River to the Little River (known in the present-day as the Little Wabash River).[3][12]

Under the terms of Article 4 of the Northwest Ordinance (1787), the U.S. Congress declared that all navigable waters and portages between the Mississippi and the Saint Lawrence Rivers were free for all to use. Although the Miamis lost control of the portage in the Treaty of Greenville (1795), Richardville acquired a trade license in 1815 that gave him a monopoly on carry-over services at the portage, which earned him considerable profits from the trading traffic.[13][14] In 1824 Richardville had gained sufficient wealth to be among the first to purchase a lot in Fort Wayne, Indiana, that would serve as a site for his home and trading post.[15] By 1831 he had relocated the Miami tribal headquarters and his trading post in Fort Wayne to a site at the Forks of the Wabash, which was closer to the Miami villages and tribal reserve lands.[16]

Tribal leader and landowner

Beginning in the late 1790s, Richardville took an increasingly active interest in Miami affairs and remained an influential leader of the Miami people until his death in 1841. Richardville was involved in treaty negotiations with the U.S. government, as well as the decisions on disbursement of federal funds and annuity goods given to the Miamis. Historians R. David Edmunds, Elizabeth Glenn, and Stewart Rafert have pointed out that Richardville and other Miami leaders such as Francis Godfroy personally profited from their roles as tribal chiefs and treaty negotiators, but the leaders also slowed progress in discussions regarding land cessions and removal of the Miamis from Indiana, especially between 1818 and 1840. These delays gave Richardson and the other tribal leaders additional time to negotiate concessions and delay the eventual removal of the Miami people to lands west of the Mississippi River.[12][17]

Treaty of Greenville, 1795

Main article: Treaty of Greenville

After the Native American defeat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794), Richardville favored a negotiated peace agreement. He was one of three Miami signatories at the Treaty of Greenville (1795).[12] This treaty established the boundaries of American Indian lands in the Northwest Territory and recognized Indian rights to land they occupied. It also set aside land for forts and trading posts, as well as specifying that the U.S. government was the only authorized party who could purchase American Indian lands.[18]

Treaty of Fort Wayne, 1803 and 1809

Main article: Treaty of Fort Wayne (1803)
Main article: Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809)

In the early 1800s, Richardville's political influence increased due to his close association with his uncle, Chief Little Turtle. In an effort to protect the Miami people's interests by cooperating with the U.S. government, Richardville signed treaties with federal officials in 1802 and 1803. The Treaty of Fort Wayne (1803) was the first of four treaties negotiated with the Miamis between 1803 and 1809. It ceded to the U.S. government a large parcel of land in what became southwest Indiana and parts of Illinois. Most of the Miamis supported the terms of the treaty because very few of them lived on these ceded lands.[19][12]

Richardville was also one of the leaders of the Mississinewa Miami at treaty negotiations in Fort Wayne in 1809, when Little Turtle was effectively retired from negotiations for the Miamis and the Mississinewa council took charge of the Miami interests.[20] Although Richardville initially resisted further cession of Miami lands, the Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809) ceded Miami land along the Wabash River to the federal government in exchange for strengthening Miami control in areas of present-day northern Indiana.[12]

Emerging leader

After the death of his uncle, Chief Pacanne, in 1815, fifty-five-year-old Richardville emerged as principal chief of the Miamis. Francis Godfroy also joined Richardville as an influential leader of the Miamis. Due to the two métis (mixed blood) men's previous relationships with federal officials, they became treaty-signing chiefs for the Miamis, interpreters at treaty negotiations, and brokers of tribal business affairs. Richardville and Godfroy recognized the value of land and the potential trade profits in an American capitalist society. Together, they worked as intermediaries to protect the Miami tribal interests, as well as their own.[21]

The value of the Miami lands and the arrival of pioneer settlers in what became central Indiana in the early 1800s gave Richardville and the other Miami leaders additional leverage in negotiating sales of their lands. Richardville proved to be a shrewd negotiator on behalf of the Miami people, in addition to increasing his own personal wealth and landholdings in the process. Richardville and the other Miami leaders also delayed treaties calling for the removal of the Miamis from Indiana.[22]

Treaty of St. Marys, 1818

Main article: Treaty of St. Mary's (1818)

Richardville signed the Treaty of St. Mary's (1818), which ceded most of the Miami lands south of the Wabash River in central Indiana to the U.S. government. The treaty's harsh terms were punishment for the Miami people's lack of support to the United States during its War of 1812.[23][12] The Miamis eventually received 6.4 cents an acre for their land and an increase in their permanent annuity payment to $18,400, among other concessions of goods and services. Richardville and the other Miami leaders also negotiated with federal government officials to exempt from the land cessions an area known as the Miami National Reserve, a track of land encompassing 875,000 acres (354,000 hectares) , approximately 37 square miles (96 km2), in central Indiana, east of present-day Kokomo and and 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Indianapolis. Because of its location near proposed highway and canal routes, the Miami National Reserve was one of the most potentially valuable pieces of land for commercial development in Indiana. The remaining Miami lands not ceded to the federal government were divided into six village reserves and 24 individual land allotments.[12]

As part of the terms of the treaties with American Indians, individual land allotments were granted primarily to treaty signatories and métis tribal members such as Richardville, allegedly to “reinforce the European rather than the Indian concept of land use.”[24] Although these individual grants were legal, they also could be interpreted as incentives to secure the tribal leaders' cooperation and support of the negotiated treaty.[24] Of the 24 individual land grants made under the terms of the treaty, 20 of them went to métis individuals living in the area and their families. Richardville, who signed the treaty as the principal Miami chief, received 5,760 acres (2,330 hectares) of land for himself as part of the treaty agreement; tribal leaders Francis Godfroy and Louis Godfroy each received 3,840 acres (1,550 hectares).[25]

Later years

He eventually controlled more than 20 square miles along the St. Joseph, St. Mary's, Mississinewa, Salamonie and Wabash rivers.[26]

Pinšiwa often offered his private lands as a refuge for other Miami. This enabled about half of the Miami people to remain in Indiana when the tribe was officially removed by the US in 1846 to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, five years after Richardville died.[27]

After signing the Treaty of Mississinewas (1826), Richardville was given $600 by the United States toward building the Richardville House in present-day Fort Wayne, where he lived the rest of his life. Richardville used his own funds for the remainder of the total estimated cost at the time of $2200 to build the house; when completed in 1827, it was the first Greek Revival-style house in northeastern Indiana.[26]

At the time of his death in 1841, Richardville is considered to have been the richest man in the state of Indiana. He was succeeded as chief by his eldest daughter's husband, Francis La Fontaine.[28] The Richardville House remained in the family until 1894. It was then acquired by a gravel company that mined all but about an acre surrounding the house. The structure was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2012, as it is one of the few surviving treaty houses and the oldest Native American house in the Midwest.

In 1991, the house was acquired by the Allen County-Fort Wayne Historical Society. It has restored the exterior, opens the house monthly during the summer season for visitors, and operates a variety of programs on Miami history at the site.

Honors and tributes

  • Richardville County, Indiana, was named in honor of Chief Richardville and was later renamed Howard County.[citation needed]
  • Wildcat Creek (Indiana), whose watershed encompasses Howard and another Indiana county, was named for Richardville.[citation needed]
  • The Indiana Sequicentennial Commission erected a state historical marker in honor of Richardville at the Forks of the Wabash Historic Park in Huntington in 1966.[29]
  • The Indiana Historical Bureau erected a state historical marker honoring Richardville at a site 3 miles (4.8 km) east of Peru in Miami County, Indiana, in 1992.[30]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "America's Great Outdoors: Secretary Salazar Designates Thirteen New National Historic Landmarks". US Department of the Interior. 6 March 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  2. ^ Donald Chaput (June 1978). "The Family of Drouet de Richeville: Merchants, Soldiers, and Chiefs of Indiana". Indiana Magazine of History. 74 (2). Bloomington: Indiana University: 114. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d Stewart Rafert (1996). The Miami Indians of Indiana: A Persistent People, 1654–1994. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 48. ISBN 0871951118.
  4. ^ a b c Bert Anson (2000). The Miami Indians. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 13 (footnote 28) and 189. ISBN 0-8061-3197-7.
  5. ^ Chaput, p. 112.
  6. ^ Wallace A. Brice (1868). History of Fort Wayne, from the Earliest Known Accounts of This Point, to the Present Period. Fort Wayne, Indiana: D. W. Jones and Son. p. 315. (1971 reprint; Unigraphic)
  7. ^ Chaput, p. 104.
  8. ^ a b Chaput, p. 113.
  9. ^ Linda C. Gugin and James E. St. Clair, eds. (2015). Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. pp. 290–91. ISBN 978-0-87195-387-2. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  10. ^ Chaput, pp. 112–13.
  11. ^ Gugin and St. Clair, eds., pp. 233 and 290.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Gugin and St. Clair, eds., p. 291.
  13. ^ The Treaty of Greenville (1795) also ended the Northwest Indian Wars in which a coalition of Native Americans had tried to repulse European Americans from the region west of the Appalachian Mountains and north of the Ohio River. See Charles Poinsatte (1976). Outpost in the Wilderness: Fort Wayne, 1706-1828. Allen County, Fort Wayne Historical Society. pp. 79–80. OCLC 3801775.
  14. ^ "Northwest Ordinance" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  15. ^ Poinsatte, pp. 97–98.
  16. ^ Headings and Leonard, "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: de Richardville, Chief Jean-Baptiste, House," p. 24 (Section 8).
  17. ^ Elizabeth Glenn and Stewart Rafert (2009). The Native Americans. Peopling Indiana. Vol. 2. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 54. ISBN 9780871952806.
  18. ^ Rafert, p. 60.
  19. ^ Rafert, p. 69.
  20. ^ Rafert, p. 72.
  21. ^ Rafert, pp. 83–85.
  22. ^ Rafert, pp. 88–89, 96.
  23. ^ Harvey Lewis Carter (1987). The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 242. ISBN 0-252-01318-2.
  24. ^ a b Glenn and Rafert, p. 52.
  25. ^ Rafert, p. 80–81, 88.
  26. ^ a b "Chief Richardville House", History Center, Allen County-Fort Wayne Historical Society, accessed 26 March 2012
  27. ^ Carter, p. 243
  28. ^ Carter, p. 243
  29. ^ "Home of Chief Richardville". Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
  30. ^ "House of Chief Richardville". Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved December 9, 2019.

References

  • Anson, Bert. The Miami Indians, 2000, University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3197-7.
  • Carter, Harvey Lewis. The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash, 1987, Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01318-2.
  • Edmunds, R. David. "Jean Baptiste Richardville," Encyclopedia of North American Indians, 549–550. Ed. Frederick E. Hoxie. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996. ISBN 0-395-66921-9.
  • Poinsatte, Charles (1976). Outpost in the Wilderness: Fort Wayne, 1706-1828. Allen County, Fort Wayne Historical Society.
  • Durand, Bruno. "Les Drouet de Richarville, colons du Québec et de l'Amérique," Bulletin de la Société Historique de Dourdan (France), n° 46 (dec 2003) pp. 3 to 29. ISSN 0248-9392.

External links

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