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==Organization==
{{See also|Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses}}
[[File:Watchtower Bible & Tract Society (world headquarters).jpg|thumb|Organizational headquarters in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]].]]
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God uses an organization both in heaven and on earth, and that Jehovah's Witnesses, under the direction of their Governing Body, are the only visible channel by which God communicates with humanity.<ref>"Do You Appreciate Jehovah’s Organization?", ''The Watchtower'', June 15, 1998.</ref><ref>"The Visible Part of God’s Organization", ''The Watchtower'', May 1, 1981.</ref> The organization is said to be theocratic, "ruled from the divine Top down, and not from the rank and file up".<ref>"Theocratic Organization with Which to Move Forward Now", ''The Watchtower'', December 15, 1971, page 754.</ref> Witnesses teach that people must choose between God’s organization and Satan’s.<ref>"Directing Interest to the Organization", ''Our Kingdom Ministry'', March 1987, page 3.</ref><ref>"Restoration of True Religion Today", ''The Watchtower'', March 1, 1954, page 151.</ref> Watch Tower publications teach that the Bible is an "organizational book" that does not belong to individuals and that the Bible cannot be properly understood without guidance by "Jehovah's visible organization".<ref>''The Watchtower'', October 1, 1967; cited in {{Harvnb|Penton|1997|p=163}}.</ref>

Witnesses undergoing baptism are required to publicly confirm that they are associating themselves "with God's spirit-directed organization",{{sfn|Franz|2007|p=118}} thereby submitting themselves to its direction and judicial system.{{sfn|Holden|2002|p=33}} Watch Tower Society publications urge Witnesses to demonstrate loyalty to the organization without dissent,<ref>"Meeting the Challenge of Loyalty", ''The Watchtower'', March 15, 1996, page 16.</ref><ref>"Building Disciples Having the Quality of Endurance", ''The Watchtower'', April 1, 1970, page 213.</ref> even at the cost of family ties.<ref>"Do Not Resist Jehovah’s Counsel", ''The Watchtower'', July 15, 1965, page 435.</ref> Loyalty to the organization is said to require full involvement in public preaching<ref>"Loyalty to theocratic organization", ''Our Kingdom Ministry'', November 1, 1953.</ref> and regular meeting attendance.<ref>"Serve Jehovah Loyally", ''The Watchtower'', November 15, 1992, page 21.</ref>

Disagreement with the Watch Tower Society's concept of God's organization figured prominently in events that led to a 1980 purge of high-level members at the group's Brooklyn headquarters. A summary by a Governing Body committee of "wrong teachings" being promoted as "new understandings" included the suggestion that God did not have an organization on earth.{{sfn|Franz|2002|p=316}} Former Governing Body member [[Raymond Franz]], who was expelled as part of the purge, subsequently criticized the Watch Tower concept of organization,{{sfn|Franz|2007|p=449}} claiming the concept—which posits that God does not deal with individuals apart from an organization—has no scriptural support and serves only to reinforce the group's authority structure, with its strong emphasis on human authority.{{sfn|Franz|2007|pp=449–464|ps=&nbsp;—&nbsp;"Loyalty to the organization becomes the touchstone, the criterion, the "bottom line", when it comes to determining whether one is a faithful Christian or not ... to make any organizational loyalty the criterion for judging anyone's Christianity is, then, clearly a perversion of Scripture ... Read the whole of those Scriptures ... nowehere are we taught to put faith in men or in an earthly organization, unquestioningly following its lead ... the entire Bible record is a continual reminder of the danger inherent in that kind of trust."}} He also claimed that ''The Watchtower'' has repeatedly blurred discussions of both Jesus Christ's loyalty to God and the apostles' loyalty to Christ to promote the view that Witnesses should be loyal to the Watch Tower Society.{{sfn|Franz|2007|p=458}} Sociologist Andrew Holden has observed that Witnesses see no distinction between loyalty to Jehovah and to the movement itself,{{sfn|Holden|2002|p=121}} and other researchers have claimed that challenging the views of those higher up the hierarchical ladder is regarded as tantamount to challenging God himself.<ref>{{cite book| last = Botting| first = Heather|author2=Gary Botting| title = The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses| publisher = University of Toronto Press| year = 1984| pages = 156| isbn = 0-8020-6545-7}}</ref>


==Restorationism==
==Restorationism==

Revision as of 22:48, 24 August 2018

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Restorationism

See also: History of Jehovah's Witnesses and Restorationism (Christian primitivism)

Witnesses believe that after the death of the apostles, the Church embarked on a "Great Apostasy", diverging from the original teachings of Jesus on several major points. Influenced by Restorationism in the 19th century, Charles Taze Russell and his associates formed a Bible study group in the 1870s in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, developing teachings that they considered to be a revival of "the great truths taught by Jesus and the Apostles".[1] Watch Tower publications claim both the Great Apostasy and Russell's subsequent "restoration" of original Christianity[2] were a fulfilment of Jesus' parable of the wheat and the weeds at Matthew 13:24-30,36-43.[3] Although many of their eschatological teachings have changed over the years,[4] Jehovah's Witnesses have consistently claimed to be the only true religion.[5] Based on their interpretation of Revelation 18:2-24, Jehovah's Witnesses believe all other religions are part of "Babylon the Great", a "world empire of false religion" under the control of Satan; consequently, they refuse all ecumenical relations with other religious denominations.[6][7]

Bible

Jehovah's Witnesses prefer to use the New World Translation of the Bible.
See also: New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures

The entire Protestant canon of scripture is seen as the inspired, inerrant word of God.[8] Jehovah's Witnesses consider the Bible to be scientifically and historically accurate and reliable[9] and interpret much of it literally, while also accepting it contains much symbolism.[10] Jehovah's Witnesses base all of their beliefs on the Bible, as interpreted by the Governing Body.[11]

They use the terms Hebrew and Christian Greek Scriptures rather than Old and New Testament to avoid implication that the Old Testament is outdated or inferior.[12] They believe that the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) contain prophecy that was fulfilled in Jesus Christ,[13] and that the books of the Christian Greek Scriptures (New Testament) are primarily directed to the 144,000 chosen by God for life in heaven.[14] The Watch Tower Society's New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures—the main translation used by Jehovah's Witnesses—renders the name of God as Jehovah, rather than God or LORD as found in English translations such as the King James Version.

God

Main article: God in Abrahamic religions
See also: Jehovah and Nontrinitarianism

Jehovah's Witnesses believe God is the Creator and Supreme Being. Witnesses reject the Trinity doctrine, which they consider unscriptural.[15] They view God as the Father, an invisible spirit "person" separate from the Son, Jesus Christ. The Holy Spirit is described as God's "active force", rather than the third part of the Trinity.[16] They believe God, whose personal name is Jehovah, is "infinite, but approachable"; he is not omnipresent, but has a location in heaven;[17][18] it is possible to have a personal relationship with him as a friend;[19] he is kind and merciful, and would not eternally "torture" wicked people.[20] Being respectful of the principle of free will, he does not force his sovereignty on people, choosing to save only those who want to serve him, even though the course of mankind in general may lead them to harm.[21]

Witnesses teach that God must be distinguished by his personal name—Jehovah. The name is a common modern Latinized form of the Hebrew Tetragrammaton, or four-letter name, transliterated as YHWH.[22] The use of his personal name is regarded as vital for true worship,[23] and Witnesses usually preface the term God with the name Jehovah.[24] The title, LORD (Greek: Kyrios), is rarely used by Witnesses when speaking about God.[24] Because no other religion uses the name Jehovah with the same prevalence, they believe that only Jehovah's Witnesses are making God's name known.[25]

Jesus Christ

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus is God's "only-begotten Son", and that his life began in heaven.[26] He is described as God's first creation and the "exact representation of God",[27] but is believed to be a separate entity and not part of a Trinity. Jesus is said to have been used by God in the creation of all other things.[28] Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Archangel, Michael, "the Word" of John 1:1, and wisdom personified in Proverbs 8 refer to Jesus in his pre-human existence and that he resumed these identities after his ascension to heaven following his death and resurrection. They also identify him with the "rider of the white horse" at Revelation 6 and 19.[29] His birth on earth was accomplished when he willingly allowed himself to be transferred, by God, from heaven to the womb of the virgin, Mary.[30] While on earth, Jesus was executed as a sacrifice to atone for mankind's sins, becoming the "eternal father" to the human family.[31]

They believe that after his death, Jesus appeared to his disciples, convinced them of his resurrection, and then ascended into heaven to sit at Jehovah's right hand until he would become the promised king of God's heavenly kingdom. Jesus acts as the mediator of a "new covenant"[32] referred to in Jeremiah 31:31, Luke 22:20, and Hebrews 9:15; 12:24, directly mediating only for those going to heaven (the 144,000). Those with an earthly hope are said to be beneficiaries of that covenant.[33][34][35] Even as king of God's kingdom, Jesus remains subordinate to God.[36] Witnesses reject the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary, who they believe bore more children after Jesus.[37]

Cross

See also: Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion

The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society used the Cross and Crown symbol on tombstones, and on its publications until 1931.[38] Since 1936, Jehovah's Witnesses have rejected the idea that Jesus died on a cross, and instead teach that he died on a single wooden stake (crux simplex), asserting that the Koiné Greek word σταυρος (stauros) refers to a single upright post. They consider the cross to be of pagan origins and an object of idol worship.[39] Some Jehovah's Witnesses have been persecuted or killed for not bowing down to or kissing a cross.[40][41]

Satan

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Satan was originally a perfect angel who developed feelings of self-importance and craved worship that belonged to God. Satan persuaded Adam and Eve to obey him rather than God, raising the issue—often referred to as a "controversy"—of whether people, having been granted free will, would obey God under both temptation and persecution. The issue is said to be whether God can rightfully claim to be sovereign of the universe.[42][43] Instead of destroying Satan, God decided to test the loyalty of the rest of humankind and to prove to the rest of creation that Satan was a liar.[15][44] Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Satan is God's chief adversary[44] and the invisible ruler of the world.[42][43] They believe that demons were originally angels who rebelled against God and took Satan's side in the controversy.[45]

Jehovah's Witnesses do not believe that Satan lives in Hell or that he has been given responsibility to punish the wicked. Satan and his demons are said to have been cast down from heaven to the earth in 1914, marking the beginning of the "last days".[42][46] Witnesses believe that Satan and his demons influence individuals, organizations and nations, and that they are the cause of human suffering. At Armageddon, Satan is to be bound for 1,000 years, and then given a brief opportunity to mislead perfect humanity before being destroyed.[47]

Writers including James Beckford and former members James Penton and Barbara Grizzuti Harrison have stated that Jehovah's Witnesses' have a fear of demons, which Penton says is "sometimes so extreme that it becomes quite superstitious". However, Penton also notes that avoidance of "demonistic practices" has released many people in Africa and Latin America from fear of spirits.[48][49][50][51] Watch Tower Society publications state that Witnesses need not harbor dread or superstitious fear of demons, because their power over humans is limited.[52][53]

God's Messianic Kingdom

Publications of Jehovah's Witnesses teach that God's kingdom is a literal government in heaven, established in 1914,[54] ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 humans raised to heaven.[55] The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for the earth,[56][57] bringing about a world free of crime, sickness, death and poverty, and ultimately transforming the earth into a paradise.[58] The kingdom is said to have been the focus of Jesus' ministry.[59]

Death

Witnesses regard the soul as mortal, based on the statement at Ezekiel 18:4 that "the soul that sins, it shall die" (MKJV)[60] and thus believe the soul does not continue to live after one dies.[61] Death is considered a state of non-existence, based on their understanding of Ecclesiastes 9:5: "For the living are conscious that they will die; but as for the dead, they are conscious of nothing at all." Witnesses believe that the only hope for life after death is in the resurrection, which they say involves re-creation by God of the same individual with a new body.[62] They believe that 144,000 people will be resurrected to life as spirit creatures in heaven to be priestly rulers under Christ, but the vast majority, to physical life on earth.[63]

Watch Tower publications teach that hell (hades or sheol) is not a place of fiery torment, but rather the "common grave of mankind", a place of unconscious non-existence.[64] Gehenna, the Bible word commonly translated "hellfire", is said to describe a judgment of complete destruction,[65] from which resurrection is not possible.[66] They reason that complete destruction does not allow for literal "torture" of the wicked, as the deceased person is not conscious.[67] Based on this, they believe that parables such as that of "the rich man and Lazarus" should not be interpreted literally, and that such references are speaking of symbolic death, not the physical death of actual individuals.[68]

Witnesses teach that wicked angels (demons) sometimes pretend to be spirits of the dead, and that their deception is the basis for many beliefs about ghosts.[69][70]

Salvation

Main article: Jehovah's Witnesses and salvation

Jehovah's Witnesses' believe that faith in Jesus' ransom sacrifice is essential for salvation. They reject the concept of universal salvation[71] and the concept of predestination. They believe that all intelligent creatures are endowed with free will, and that salvation is dependent on God's "undeserved kindness", but also requires faith in God and in the "ransom sacrifice" of Jesus Christ,[72] demonstrated by "zealous" preaching activity.[73][74][75] According to Watch Tower Society theology, salvation requires Christ's mediation as part of God's purpose to grant humans everlasting life, either in heaven (for 144,000 "anointed" Christians, or the "little flock") or on earth (for the "other sheep", the remainder of faithful humanity).[76] For anointed Witnesses, salvation is said to be achieved through their death and subsequent resurrection to heavenly life to share with Christ as a co-ruler of God's kingdom;[77] for others, it is gained by preservation through the Great Tribulation and the battle of Armageddon.[78][79] Watch Tower Society publications state that salvation at Armageddon is also contingent on baptism, accurate knowledge of Bible truth, adherence to God's standards of conduct and morality, use of the divine name "Jehovah" in worship,[80] membership of God's "organization",[81] and active support of anointed Christians.[82]

144,000 anointed

Based on a literal interpretation of scriptures such as Revelation 14:1–4, Jehovah's Witnesses believe that exactly 144,000 faithful Christians go to heaven as spirit creatures to rule with Christ in the kingdom of God. They believe that most of those are already in heaven, and that the "remnant" at Revelation 12:17 (KJV) refers to those remaining alive on earth who will be immediately resurrected to heaven when they die. The Witnesses understand Jesus’ words at John 3:3—"except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God"—to apply to the 144,000 who are "born again" as "anointed" sons of God in heaven.[83] They associate the terms "Israel of God" (Galatians 6:16), "little flock" (Luke 12:32), and "the bride, the Lamb's wife" (Revelation 21:9) in the New Testament with the "anointed".[84][85]

Members who claim to be anointed are not given special treatment by other congregation members.[86] Jehovah's Witnesses believe that being "anointed" involves a personal revelation by God's spirit which "gives positive assurance of adoption" to the individual alone.[87] Only those claiming to be anointed partake of the unleavened bread and wine at the yearly commemoration of Christ's death, or Memorial. According to The Watchtower, "the Governing Body does not keep a list of all partakers, for it does not maintain a global network of anointed ones."[88]

Other sheep

Watch Tower Society literature states that Jesus' use of the term "other sheep" at John 10:16 indicates a separate class with an earthly hope.[89] Those of the "other sheep" who die faithful to God will receive the "resurrection of the righteous" ("just" KJV) mentioned at Acts 24:15.[90] Those who die without faithfully serving God will receive the "resurrection of the ... unrighteous" ("unjust" KJV). They will be given the opportunity to join Jesus' "other sheep" and live forever on a paradise earth.[91][92] Those destroyed at Armageddon and other specific judgments by God are not resurrected.[93] Those of the "other sheep" who survive Armageddon without needing a resurrection, are referred to as the "great crowd".[94]

Eschatology

Main article: Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses

Watch Tower Society publications teach that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven invisibly as king in October 1914.[95] They assert that the Greek word parousia (translated in most English Bible translations as coming when referring to Christ) is more accurately rendered presence, perceived only by a composite "sign".[96] As such, the Second Coming is considered an invisible presence, lasting for an extended period of time, and ending with Jesus' "coming" to separate the Sheep and the Goats.[97][98] They believe that when Jesus became king, Satan was ousted from heaven to the earth, bringing a period of "woe" to mankind.[99]

Witnesses base their beliefs about the significance of 1914 on the Watch Tower Society's interpretation of biblical chronology,[100] based on their belief that the destruction of Jerusalem and the beginning of the Babylonian captivity both occurred in 607 BCE. (The secularly accepted date for the fall of Jerusalem is within a year of 587 BCE; exiles were taken in various years, with most Jews exiled to Babylon following the siege of Jerusalem of 597 BCE.) They believe that Daniel chapter 4 prophesied a period of 2,520 years starting with 607 BCE and ending at 1914 CE.[101][102] They equate this period with the "Gentile Times" or "the appointed times of the nations", a phrase taken from Luke 21:24. They believe that when the Babylonians conquered Jerusalem, the line of kings descended from David was interrupted, and that God's throne was "trampled on" from then until Jesus began ruling in October 1914.[103] Witnesses believe their doctrine is confirmed by world events since 1914, including wars, famine, earthquakes and increasing lawlessness, which they see as fulfillment of the "sign" of Christ's presence.[104][105] They believe that their preaching is also part of that sign, citing Matthew 24:14.[106][107][108] Witnesses teach that in 1918, Jesus resurrected those of the 144,000 (the "anointed") who had already died to heavenly life; since 1918, any "anointed" are individually resurrected to heavenly life at the time of their death to serve as kings alongside Christ in his heavenly government.[109]

The current world era, or "system of things", is considered to be in its "last days",[110] facing imminent destruction through intervention by God and Jesus Christ, leading to deliverance for those who worship God acceptably. This judgment will begin with the destruction by the United Nations of false religion, which they identify as "Babylon the Great", or the "harlot", of Revelation 17.[111] This will mark the beginning of the great tribulation.[112] Satan will subsequently attack Jehovah's Witnesses, an action that will prompt God to begin the war of Armageddon, during which all forms of government and all people not counted as Christ's "sheep", or true followers, will be destroyed.[113] The Society's publications make no explicit claim about whether small children or the mentally ill will survive, but say God's judgment will be righteous and merciful.[114] After Armageddon, Satan will be cast into an abyss and unable to influence humanity, then God will extend his heavenly kingdom to include earth,[115][116] which will be transformed into a paradise similar to the Garden of Eden.[117]

Most of those who had died prior to God's intervention will gradually be resurrected to a "day of judgment" lasting for the thousand years referred to in Revelation 20.[118][119] This judgment will be based on their actions after resurrection rather than past deeds.[120] At the end of the thousand years, Christ will hand all authority back to God.[121] Then Satan is released for a final opportunity to mislead perfect mankind;[122] Satan, his demons, and any who fail the test will be destroyed, leaving a fully tested, perfect human race who will live forever.[119][123]

Defection

Watch Tower Society publications assert that members of the group are not compelled to remain part of the congregation.[124] However, Jehovah's Witness doctrines provide no method for baptized members to leave on good terms.[125] Those who choose to depart and announce their decision to terminate their membership are regarded as abandoning God's organization and protection and voluntarily entering the world of Satan,[125][126] becoming part of the antichrist.[127] Watch Tower publications define such individuals as being "more reprehensible than those in the world"[127] and direct that they are to be shunned by other Witnesses, including close relatives, with no social or religious contact and no greeting given.[124][126] Sociologist Andrew Holden claims his research indicated many Witnesses who would otherwise defect because of disillusionment with the organization and its teachings remain affiliated out of fear of being shunned and losing contact with friends and family members.[125]

Apostasy

Watch Tower Society publications define apostasy as the abandonment of the worship and service of God by members of the Christian congregation, and equate it with rebellion against God.[128] Apostate behavior is said to include the rejection of biblical teachings or requirements, the rejection of Jehovah's organization, association with or support for another religious group[127] and celebration of religious holidays.[129] It is grounds for expulsion from the group and subsequent shunning. Promotion of personal doctrinal views that deviate from official teachings is also regarded as apostasy. The "identifying marks" of apostates are said to include attempts to gain followers, disregard for the Witnesses’ preaching activity, rejection of God's visible organization, public criticism of other Witnesses and attempts to hinder their work.[128] Other identifying behavior is said to include deviation from the truth, twisted, empty speech, hypocrisy and involvement in deeper forms of ungodliness.[130] Watch Tower Society literature says apostates are motivated by vitriolic bitterness and that their writings are poisonous, distorted and false, display the characteristics of "cunning, contrived error, prideful intelligence, lack of love and dishonesty" and are designed to undermine the faith of Jehovah’s Witnesses.[131] Apostates are described as proud, independent, ungrateful and presumptuous,[130] mentally diseased,[132][133] displaying jealousy, fits of anger and other unchristian conduct and are said to often fall victim to drunken bouts, loose conduct and fornication.[130]

Apostates are said to have become part of the antichrist and are regarded as more reprehensible than non-Witnesses.[127] They are described as "anti-God" and doomed to destruction.[134] Witnesses are told they must loathe and hate in the "biblical sense of the word" those who are defined as apostates and show no curiosity about their ideas,[135] and that apostates' "whole purpose is to tear down God's people and to distort the truth."[136] Apostates must be shunned and Witnesses are warned that those who greet one become "a sharer in his wicked works".[127]

Education

Jehovah's Witnesses are directed to study the Bible using Watch Tower Society publications

Jehovah's Witnesses are encouraged to make their preaching work the top priority in their life. Higher education is discouraged,[137][138] based on their belief that it is futile to plan for secular advancement in a world that faces imminent destruction, as well as fears about succumbing to "worldly thinking" and concerns that advanced education might lead to a lack of humility or involvement in immorality.[139][140][141] Because evangelistic activities take priority over educational success, young Witnesses rarely progress to college or university,[142] which Holden describes as a source of regret in subsequent years among those who are raised in the organization and later choose to leave.[142] Watch Tower Society publications advise parents to recommend alternatives to university education for their children, suggesting associate degrees from community or technical colleges or short courses in subjects such as office administration, automotive repair, computing, or hairdressing. They urge young Witnesses to pursue higher education only to gain skills to obtain a reasonable living while maintaining flexibility to pursue their "true" vocation, serving God.[143] Author James Penton's major study of the Witnesses, Apocalypse Delayed, noted that of those Witnesses who do progress to university, few are likely to take studies in such areas as the humanities and the social sciences, "disciplines that are most threatening to the Witness world-view".[144]

Jehovah's Witnesses provide religious training programs for their members, focusing on improving skills for their ministry. These include literacy classes, Pioneer Service School, School for Kingdom Evangelizers and Gilead School. Some of these programs are by invitation only.[145] Holden observed: "Despite the fact that Witnesses claim to reason from the scriptures, their theology is taught in a highly mechanistic fashion, and written publications encourage the members to learn almost by rote."[146]

References

  1. ^ Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, December 1, 1916, R6010: page 371.
  2. ^ "Religion’s Future in View of Its Past", Awake!, October 22, 1989, p. 17.
  3. ^ "Is religion at the root of Mankind's problem?", The Watchtower, February 15, 2004, page 5.
  4. ^ Franz 2002, pp. 183–184.
  5. ^ Reasoning from the Scriptures, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, p. 203.
  6. ^ Holden 2002, p. 1.
  7. ^ "Take Refuge in the Name of Jehovah". The Watchtower: 3. January 15, 2011.
  8. ^ Penton 1997, p. 172. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPenton1997 (help)
  9. ^ All Scripture is Inspired of God, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1990, page 336.
  10. ^ "Obedience to the Good News a Way of Life", The Watchtower, October 15, 1977, page 618.
  11. ^ Reasoning From The Scriptures, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, p. 199-208.
  12. ^ "Old Testament or Hebrew Scriptures—Which?", The Watchtower March 1, 1995, p. 19.
  13. ^ "We Have Found the Messiah"!, The Watchtower, October 1, 1992, p. 10.
  14. ^ United In Worship of the Only True God, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1983, p. 111.
  15. ^ a b Holden 2002, p. 24.
  16. ^ Should You Believe in the Trinity?, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, pages 14, 20.
  17. ^ Insight In The Scriptures volume 1, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1988, p. 969.
  18. ^ The Watchtower, February 15, 1981, page 6, "Jehovah God truly is a person and has a body as well as a certain location. ... He has a location in the highest heavens"
  19. ^ "Is God Everywhere?", Awake! March 8, 1995, p. 21.
  20. ^ "Eternal Torment — Why a Disturbing Doctrine?", The Watchtower, April 15, 1993, p. 5.
  21. ^ "God’s Wisdom in Dealing with Mankind", Awake!, June 8, 1971, page 12.
  22. ^ Penton 1997, p. 184. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPenton1997 (help)
  23. ^ "Who Are Giving God Glory Today?", The Watchtower, October 1, 2004, page 12.
  24. ^ a b Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. p. 494. ISBN 0-914675-16-8. The fact remains that today no religious group of any size uses the name "Jehovah" with such intense frequency as does that of Jehovah's Witnesses. That name predominates throughout their literature. Among Jehovah's Witnesses it has become almost strange to speak of "God" without prefacing the term by saying "Jehovah God", while the term "Lord" is quite rare in their expressions. They read "Lord" in the Bible but hardly ever use it in their own speech extemporaneously. It is almost a liturgical form for them in most prayers to initially address these to "Jehovah" or "Jehovah God".
  25. ^ Franz 2007, p. 489.
  26. ^ Insight On The Scriptures volume 2, p. 52 Jesus Christ
  27. ^ Worship the Only True God, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 2002, p. 184
  28. ^ "What Do the Scriptures Say About 'the Divinity of Christ'?, The Watchtower January 15, 1992 p. 20-23.
  29. ^ "Jehovah’s Word Is Alive Highlights From the Book of Revelation", The Watchtower, February 15, 2009 p. 3.
  30. ^ Jesus? The Ruler "Whose Origin Is From Early Times", The Watchtower, June 15, 1998, p. 22.
  31. ^ Worldwide Security Under the “Prince of Peace”, chap. 20 p. 163 par. 8 A Happy Human Family Under a New Fatherhood
  32. ^ "Appreciate Jesus’ Unique Role in God’s Purpose", pages 13-14, The Watchtower, December 15, 2008, "The original-language word translated “mediator” is a legal term. It refers to Jesus as a legal Mediator (or, in a sense, an attorney) of the new covenant... What about those who are not in the new covenant, those who hope to live forever on earth, not in heaven? While not participants in the new covenant, these are beneficiaries of it. ... Whether we have a heavenly hope or an earthly hope, each one of us has good reason to appreciate Jesus’ role as the Mediator of the new covenant."
  33. ^ Insight on the Scriptures, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, Vol 2, page 360.
  34. ^ Penton 1997, pp. 188–189. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPenton1997 (help)
  35. ^ Questions From Readers, The Watchtower, August 15, 1989, p. 30.
  36. ^ "Is Jesus God Almighty?". The Watchtower: 7. September 15, 2005.
  37. ^ Jesus' Family—Who Were They? The Watchtower December 15, 2003, p. 3
  38. ^ "They Are No Part of the World". Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. p. 200.
  39. ^ What Does the Bible Really Teach?. Jehovah's Witnesses. 2005. pp. 51, 201–204.
  40. ^ "European High Court Upholds Right to Preach in Greece". The Watchtower. Watchtower: 28–29. 1 September 1993.
  41. ^ "Poland". 1994 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watchtower. p. 206.
  42. ^ a b c Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 1993. pp. 144–145.
  43. ^ a b What Does the Bible Really Teach?. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 2005. p. 32.
  44. ^ a b "Declaration and resolution", The Watchtower, December 1, 1973, page 724.
  45. ^ "Angels—How They Affect Us". The Watchtower: 7. January 15, 2006.
  46. ^ What Does the Bible Really Teach?. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 2005. pp. 87, 216.
  47. ^ The Watchtower, 15 March 2009, p. 15, “Be Vigilant”
  48. ^ Penton 1997, pp. 189–190. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPenton1997 (help)
  49. ^ Beckford, James A. (1975). The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 106. ISBN 0-631-16310-7. God is believed to have banished from heaven a number of 'wicked spirit creatures' who are understood to be the main source of human frustration on earth. Consequently, Jehovah's witnesses learn to cultivate a very noticeable fear of phenomena connected with the occult; they 'believe in' ghosts, for example, to the extent of shunning conversation about them and of refusing to listen to ghost-stories.
  50. ^ Havor Montague, "The Pessimistic Sect's Influence on the Mental Health of Its Members", Social Compass, 1977/1, page 144.
  51. ^ Grizzuti Harrison, Barbara (1978), "8", Visions of Glory, Robert Hale, ISBN 0-7091-8013-6, The Watchtower concludes, from this bizarre account, that "one can see from this that one need not live in fear of the demons". But of course the result of all this misbegotten advice is to keep the Witnesses in constant fear of "demon harassment". Their demons are never exorcised.
  52. ^ "Angels-How They Affect Us", The Watchtower, January 15, 2006 pg. 7, "Demons are dangerous, but we do not dread them."
  53. ^ "True Religion Dispels Fear–How?" The Watchtower, November 1, 1987, pg. 6, "True, demons are powerful. But ... demons shudder out of dread of Jehovah. But the Almighty God offers you his protection if you ask for it. Bible writer James further says: "Subject yourselves, therefore, to God; but oppose the Devil, and he will flee from you." (James 4:7) Your superstitious fear will likewise flee."
  54. ^ "What Has God’s Kingdom Been Doing Since 1914?", The Watchtower, October 15, 1966, page 617.
  55. ^ The Government That Will Bring Paradise, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993, page 3.
  56. ^ Insight on the Scriptures,, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, Vol 1, page 310.
  57. ^ Worship the Only True God, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 2002, page 6.
  58. ^ Reasoning from the Scriptures, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, pages 225-234.
  59. ^ "God’s Kingdom—Earth’s New Rulership", The Watchtower, October 15, 2000, page 10.
  60. ^ You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, p. 77.
  61. ^ "Is There LIFE After Death?", The Watchtower July 15, 2001.
  62. ^ Reasoning From The Scriptures, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, p. 333.
  63. ^ "The Only Remedy!", The Watchtower March 15, 2006, p. 6.
  64. ^ "Hell—Eternal Torture or Common Grave?" The Watchtower, April 15, 1993, p. 6.
  65. ^ "Comfort for Those Who Mourn", Awake! May 8, 2002, p. 19.
  66. ^ Questions From Readers, The Watchtower, July 15, 2005, p. 31.
  67. ^ Insight On The Scriptures, Vol 1, p. 906.
  68. ^ "The Dead Who Are in Line for Resurrection", The Watchtower, February 1, 1965, p.76.
  69. ^ "Satan Worship in Our Time", The Watchtower, September 1, 1988, p. 5.
  70. ^ "What Is the Bible’s View? Mourning for the Dead", Awake!, December 8, 1974, pp. 26-28.
  71. ^ The Watchtower 4/15/60 p. 229 Does the Bible Teach What You Believe?
  72. ^ "Is Your Life Predestined?", Awake!, May 2007, p. 13.
  73. ^ "Preaching in a Lawless World", The Watchtower, July 15, 1979, page 13, paragraph 4; cited in James Penton, ‘’Apocalypse Delayed”, pg. 206.
  74. ^ Botting, Heather; Gary Botting (1984). The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. p. 107. ISBN 0-8020-6545-7.
  75. ^ Keeping “Clean from the Blood of All Men”, The Watchtower, October 1, 1960, page 608.
  76. ^ The terms "little flock" and "other sheep" are drawn from Luke 12:32 and John 10:16 respectively.
  77. ^ ”Keep Your Hope of Salvation Bright!”, The Watchtower, June 1, 2000, pages 9-14.
  78. ^ Beckford, James A. (1975). The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 110. ISBN 0-631-16310-7.
  79. ^ Hoekema, Anthony A. (1963). The Four Major Cults. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans. p. 285. ISBN 0-8028-3117-6.
  80. ^ ”Salvation – What It Really Means,” The Watchtower, August 15, 1997, pgs 4-7.
  81. ^ Cite error: The named reference The Watchtower 1989, page 19 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  82. ^ ”Rejoicing in Our Hope”, The Watchtower, March 15, 2012, page 20.
  83. ^ The Watchtower 11/1/96 p. 10 Look to Jehovah for Comfort: “One of the main operations of God’s spirit upon first-century Christians was to anoint them as adopted spiritual sons of God and brothers of Jesus. (2 Corinthians 1:21, 22) This is reserved for only 144,000 disciples of Christ. (Revelation 14:1, 3)”
  84. ^ Survivors Out of All the Nations, ©1984 Watch Tower, page 65
  85. ^ "Congregation of God", Watchtower Publications Index 1930–1985, "CONGREGATION OF GOD (Also called 144,000; Anointed; Body of Christ; Bride of Christ; Chosen Ones; Elect; Holy Nation; Israel of God; Kingdom Class; Little Flock; New Creation; New Nation; Royal House; Royal Priesthood; Sanctuary Class; Sons of Levi; Spirit Begotten; Spiritual Israel; Spiritual Sons)"
  86. ^ The Watchtower 5/1/07 p. 31: “They do not believe that they necessarily have more holy spirit than their companions of the other sheep have; nor do they expect special treatment or claim that their partaking of the emblems places them above the appointed elders in the congregation”
  87. ^ “United In Worship Of The Only True God” chap. 14 pp. 112-113 ‘I Make a Covenant With You for a Kingdom’: “Spiritual Sons—How Do They Know? ... God’s spirit gives positive assurance of adoption as spiritual sons to baptized Christians who have received the heavenly calling.
  88. ^ Cite error: The named reference ReferenceA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  89. ^ The Watchtower 2/1/98 p. 20 par. 7 The Other Sheep and the New Covenant
  90. ^ The Watchtower 2/15/95 p. 11 par. 12 'There Will Be a Resurrection of the Righteous: “Men and women of old who exercised strong faith in Jehovah and his promises and remained faithful to the death were declared righteous by Jehovah on the basis of their faith, and they will without doubt share in the ‘resurrection of the righteous.’
  91. ^ The Watchtower 6/15/06 p. 6 A Sure Guide to Happiness: “Acts 24:15 ... “There is going to be a resurrection of both the righteous and the unrighteous.” So even “the unrighteous,” many individuals who did not know and serve Jehovah, will get a future opportunity to gain God’s favor.”
  92. ^ You Can Believe in a Paradise Earth The Watchtower November 15, 2003, p. 4.
  93. ^ The Watchtower 3/15/06 p. 6 The Only Remedy!: “Some committed sins for which there is no forgiveness. They are not in Hades (mankind’s common grave) but in Gehenna, a symbolic place of eternal destruction. (Matthew 23:33)
  94. ^ The Watchtower 4/15/95 p. 31 Questions From Readers: “In summary, we might remember “other sheep” as the broader term, encompassing all of God’s servants having the hope of living forever on earth. It includes the more limited category of sheeplike ones today who are being gathered as a “great crowd” with the hope of living right through the impending great tribulation”.
  95. ^ "Christ’s Presence—What Does It Mean to You?", The Watchtower, February 15, 2008, page 21.
  96. ^ "Maintain Your Sense of Urgency", The Watchtower, March 15, 2012, p. 18.
  97. ^ "Jesus’ Coming or Jesus’ Presence—Which?", The Watchtower, August 15, 1996, p. 12.
  98. ^ "Tell Us, When Will These Things Be?", The Watchtower, July 15, 2013, p. 6.
  99. ^ The Watchtower, February 1, 1996, p6.
  100. ^ "Why do Jehovah’s Witnesses say that God’s Kingdom was established in 1914?", Reasoning From the Scriptures, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, p. 95-96.
  101. ^ Gruss, Edmond C. (1972). The Jehovah's Witnesses and Prophetic Speculation. Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co. pp. 20–58. ISBN 0-87552-306-4.
  102. ^ Let Your Kingdom Come, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 1981, pp. 186-189 Appendix to Chapter 14.
  103. ^ What Does The Bible Really Teach?, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 2005, pp. 217-218.
  104. ^ The Truth That Leads to Eternal Life, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1981, pg 86.
  105. ^ True Peace and Security—How Can You Find It?, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1986, pp 81-84.
  106. ^ "And this gospel of the kingdom shall be proclaimed in all the world as a witness to all nations. And then the end shall come." - Matthew 24:14.
  107. ^ The Watchtower, October 15, 2000, p11.
  108. ^ Awake!, October 22, 1993, p. 11.
  109. ^ Revelation—Its Grand Climax At Hand!, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1988, page 102-104.
  110. ^ "Deliverance by God’s Kingdom Is at Hand!", The Watchtower, May 15, 2008, page 15.
  111. ^ Revelation – Its Grand Climax at Hand, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1988, pages 235-236.
  112. ^ "Apocalypse—When?", The Watchtower, February 15, 1986, page 6.
  113. ^ Revelation – Its Grand Climax at Hand, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1988, page 286.
  114. ^ "Strengthening Our Confidence in God's Righteousness", The Watchtower, August 15, 1998 p. 20
  115. ^ The Watchtower: 530–531. September 1, 1959. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  116. ^ "Armageddon—A Happy Beginning". The Watchtower: 4–6. December 1, 2005.
  117. ^ Penton 1997, p. 180. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPenton1997 (help)
  118. ^ The Watchtower, May 15, 2006, p 6.
  119. ^ a b Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. pp. 186–187. ISBN 978-0-8020-7973-2. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3.
  120. ^ Insight on the Scriptures, Vol. 2, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1988,p. 788.
  121. ^ Pay Attention to Daniel’s Prophecy!, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 2006, pp. 94,95.
  122. ^ The Watchtower, May 1, 2005, p. 20.
  123. ^ The Watchtower, August 15, 2006, p. 31
  124. ^ a b Questions From Readers, The Watchtower, July 1, 1984, page 31.
  125. ^ a b c Holden 2002, pp. 150–170.
  126. ^ a b "Disfellowshiping—How to View It", The Watchtower, September 15, 1981, page 23.
  127. ^ a b c d e Questions From Readers, The Watchtower, July 15, 1985, page 31, "Such ones willfully abandoning the Christian congregation thereby become part of the ‘antichrist.’ A person who had willfully and formally disassociated himself from the congregation would have matched that description. By deliberately repudiating God’s congregation and by renouncing the Christian way, he would have made himself an apostate. A loyal Christian would not have wanted to fellowship with an apostate ... Scripturally, a person who repudiated God’s congregation became more reprehensible than those in the world."
  128. ^ a b Reasoning From the Scriptures, pages 34-35.
  129. ^ Pay Attention To Yourselves and to All the Flock, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, pages 94-95.
  130. ^ a b c "Remain Solid in the Faith", The Watchtower, August 1, 1980, pages 17-21.
  131. ^ "At Which Table Are You Feeding", The Watchtower, July 1, 1994, pages 11-12.
  132. ^ "Will You Heed Jehovah's Clear Warnings?", The Watchtower, July 15, 2011, page 16.
  133. ^ Jerome Taylor, "War of words breaks out among Jehovah's Witnesses", The Independent, September 27, 2011.
  134. ^ "Why So Many Christian Sects?" The Watchtower, March 15, 1975, page 167.
  135. ^ "Search Through Me, Oh God," The Watchtower, October 1, 1993, page 19.
  136. ^ "Do You Have the Facts?". The Watchtower. Watch Tower Society. August 2018. p. 4.
  137. ^ Penton 1997, pp. 271–273. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPenton1997 (help)
  138. ^ Ronald Lawson, "Sect-State Relations: Accounting for the Differing Trajectories of Seventh-day Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses", Sociology of Religion, 1995, 56:4 pg 369
  139. ^ "Remain Without Spot From the World", The Watchtower, October 1, 1984, p. 17 par. 10.
  140. ^ "Repudiate Valueless Things", The Watchtower, April 15, 2008, page 4.
  141. ^ "Parents—What Future Do You Want for Your Children?", The Watchtower, October 1, 2005, pages 26-29.
  142. ^ a b Holden 2002, p. 135.
  143. ^ "Parents—What Future Do You Want for Your Children?", The Watchtower, October 1, 2005, p. 26-31.
  144. ^ Penton 1997, pp. 314–315. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPenton1997 (help)
  145. ^ "Some Educational Opportunities Available", Our Kingdom Ministry, October 2011, Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses, Inc., pages 5-6
  146. ^ Holden 2002, p. 67.

Bibliography

External links

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