Lithotomy: Difference between revisions
Al-Andalusi (talk | contribs) The "word for word" claim appears in reference to Hydrocephalus not Lithotomy |
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Early descriptions of bladder stone treatment using perineal lithotomy: |
Early descriptions of bladder stone treatment using perineal lithotomy: |
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[[Ammonius Lithotomos]] (200 BC)for whom the procure is named, [[Meges of Sidon]] (first century) describes a lithotomy scalpel, straight with 2 edges; an upper blunt thick broad edge enabling the thumb to apply pressure on it, while the other (lower) edge was very sharp, cutting in a semicircle shape. [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]] (1st century), and the Hindu surgeon [[Susruta]] produced early descriptions of bladder stone treatment using perineal lithotomy. [[Paulus Aegineta]] 7th-century Byzantine Greek physician his ''Medical Compendium in Seven Books''. This work contained a summary of medical knowledge and was unrivaled in its accuracy and completeness. Paulus' description of lithotomy closely follows that of Celsus. [[Albucasis]] |
[[Ammonius Lithotomos]] (200 BC)for whom the procure is named, [[Meges of Sidon]] (first century) describes a lithotomy scalpel, straight with 2 edges; an upper blunt thick broad edge enabling the thumb to apply pressure on it, while the other (lower) edge was very sharp, cutting in a semicircle shape. [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus]] (1st century), and the Hindu surgeon [[Susruta]] produced early descriptions of bladder stone treatment using perineal lithotomy. [[Paulus Aegineta]] 7th-century Byzantine Greek physician his ''Medical Compendium in Seven Books''. This work contained a summary of medical knowledge and was unrivaled in its accuracy and completeness. Paulus' description of lithotomy closely follows that of Celsus. [[Albucasis]] describes a different sort of knife one that is "sharp on two sides" (Spinks and Lewis say its difficult to reconcile the drawing of the knife to the procedure)<ref name="al-ZahrāwīStudies1973" /> Albucasis also adds using forceps instead of the scoop and chisel of Ammonius to break up the stone. Albucasis also uses a "drill" for stones impacted in the urethra, a technique not recorded earlier.<ref name="al-ZahrāwīStudies1973" /> |
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In the 16th century, [[Pierre Franco]] (1505–1578) was a pioneer in the suprapubic lithotomy method.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Androutsos G |title=[Pierre Franco (1505-1578): famous surgeon and lithotomist of the 16th century] |language=French |journal=Prog Urol. |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=255–9 |year=2004 |month=Apr |pmid=15217153 }}</ref> [[Frère Jacques Beaulieu]] developed an operation that went in laterally to remove the bladder stones in the late 16th century. Beaulieu was a travelling lithotomist and a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] Friar, with scant knowledge of anatomy. Beaulieu performed the frequently deadly procedure in France into the late 16th century. |
In the 16th century, [[Pierre Franco]] (1505–1578) was a pioneer in the suprapubic lithotomy method.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Androutsos G |title=[Pierre Franco (1505-1578): famous surgeon and lithotomist of the 16th century] |language=French |journal=Prog Urol. |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=255–9 |year=2004 |month=Apr |pmid=15217153 }}</ref> [[Frère Jacques Beaulieu]] developed an operation that went in laterally to remove the bladder stones in the late 16th century. Beaulieu was a travelling lithotomist and a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] Friar, with scant knowledge of anatomy. Beaulieu performed the frequently deadly procedure in France into the late 16th century. |
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Revision as of 17:08, 28 May 2011
Lithotomy from Greek for "lithos" (stone) and "tomos" (cut), is a surgical method for removal of calculi, stones formed inside certain hollow organs, such as the bladder and kidneys (urinary calculus) and gallbladder (gallstones), that cannot exit naturally through the urethra, ureter or biliary duct. The procedure, which is usually performed by means of a surgical incision (therefore invasive), differs from lithotripsy, wherein the stones are crushed either by a minimally invasive probe inserted through the exit canal, or by an acoustic pulse (extracorporeal lithotripsy), which is a non-invasive procedure.
History
Human beings have known of bladder stones ("vesical calculi") for thousands of years, and have attempted to treat them for almost as long. The oldest bladder stone that has been found was discovered in Egypt around 1900, and it has been dated to 4900 BC. The earliest written records describing bladder stones date to before the time of Hippocrates (ca. 460-370 BC). However, lithotomy was a fairly common procedure in the past, and there were specialized lithotomists. The ancient Greek Hippocratic Oath includes the phrase: "I will not cut for stone, even for the patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners," a clear warning for physicians against the "cutting" of persons "laboring under the stone"; an act that was better left to surgeons (who were distinct from physicians at that time in history). Operations to remove bladder stones via the perineum, like other surgery before the invention of anesthesia, were intensely painful for the patient.[1]
Early descriptions of bladder stone treatment using perineal lithotomy: Ammonius Lithotomos (200 BC)for whom the procure is named, Meges of Sidon (first century) describes a lithotomy scalpel, straight with 2 edges; an upper blunt thick broad edge enabling the thumb to apply pressure on it, while the other (lower) edge was very sharp, cutting in a semicircle shape. Aulus Cornelius Celsus (1st century), and the Hindu surgeon Susruta produced early descriptions of bladder stone treatment using perineal lithotomy. Paulus Aegineta 7th-century Byzantine Greek physician his Medical Compendium in Seven Books. This work contained a summary of medical knowledge and was unrivaled in its accuracy and completeness. Paulus' description of lithotomy closely follows that of Celsus. Albucasis describes a different sort of knife one that is "sharp on two sides" (Spinks and Lewis say its difficult to reconcile the drawing of the knife to the procedure)[1] Albucasis also adds using forceps instead of the scoop and chisel of Ammonius to break up the stone. Albucasis also uses a "drill" for stones impacted in the urethra, a technique not recorded earlier.[1]
In the 16th century, Pierre Franco (1505–1578) was a pioneer in the suprapubic lithotomy method.[2] Frère Jacques Beaulieu developed an operation that went in laterally to remove the bladder stones in the late 16th century. Beaulieu was a travelling lithotomist and a Dominican Friar, with scant knowledge of anatomy. Beaulieu performed the frequently deadly procedure in France into the late 16th century.
The urologic community often claims Beaulieu is subject of the French nursery rhyme Frère Jacques, but this is not well-established. A possible connection between Frère Jacques and the Frère Jacques Beaulieu (also known as Frère Jacques Baulot[3][4]), as claimed by Irvine Loudon[5] and many others, was explored by J. P. Ganem and C. C. Carson[6] without finding any evidence for a connection. Some have suggested that Frère Jacques was instead written to mock the Jacobin monks of France (Jacobins are what the Dominicans are called in Paris).[7]
Lithotomy was advanced in the 18th century, but was already successfully performed by some practitioners in the 17th century, for example Johann Andreas Eisenbarth (1663–1727). Other important names in its historical development were Jean Zuléma Amussat (1796–1856), Auguste Nélaton (1807–1873), Henry Thompson(1820–1904) and William Cheselden (1688–1752). The latter invented a technique for lateral vesical stone lithotomy in 1727, whereupon he was said to perform the operation in about one minute (an important feat before anesthesia).
Special surgical instruments were designed for lithotomy, consisting of dilators of the canal, forceps and tweezers, lithotomes (stone cutter) and cystotomes (bladder cutter), urethrotomes (for incisions of the urethra) and conductors, (grooved probes used as guides for stone extraction). The patient is placed in a special position in a lithotomy surgical table, called the lithotomy position (which, curiously, retains this name until present for other unrelated medical procedures).
Transurethral lithotripsy, which was much simpler and with lower morbidity, complication and mortality rates, was invented by French surgeon Jean Civiale (1792–1867) and largely substituted for surgical lithotomy, unless the crushing of calculi was difficult or impossible.
Notable people with bladder stones
Notable people who suffered from bladder stones include King Leopold I of Belgium, Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor Napoleon III, Peter the Great, Louis XIV, George IV, Oliver Cromwell, Benjamin Franklin, the philosophers Sir Francis Bacon and Michel de Montaigne, the scientist Sir Isaac Newton, the civil servant and diarist Samuel Pepys, the physicians William Harvey and Herman Boerhaave, the anatomist Antonio Scarpa and the Swedish tennis player Joakim Nyström.
In culture
Diarist Samuel Pepys held annual feasts to celebrate his survival on the anniversary of his operation (which took place before he started his diary).
French composer Marin Marais wrote "Tableau de l'opération de la taille" ("tableau of a Lithotomy") a musical description of the operation, in 1725.[8]
Much of Neal Stephenson's Baroque Cycle is concerned with bladder stones, lithotomy and its aftermath, with several characters being forced to choose between the risky operation or death from bladder stones.
See also
References
- Riches E (1968). "The history of lithotomy and lithotrity". Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 43 (4): 185–99. PMC 2312308. PMID 4880647.
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Notes
- ^ a b c al-Zahrāwī, Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn ʻAbbās; Studies, Gustave E. von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern (1973). Albucasis on surgery and instruments. University of California Press. pp. 410–416. ISBN 9780520015326. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ Androutsos G (2004). "[Pierre Franco (1505-1578): famous surgeon and lithotomist of the 16th century]". Prog Urol. (in French). 14 (2): 255–9. PMID 15217153.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ baulot
- ^ Un célèbre lithotomiste franc-comtois : Jacques Baulot dit Frère Jacques (1651-1720), E. Bourdin, Besançon, 1917
- ^ Loudon, Irvine (2001). Western medicine: an illustrated history. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-924813-3.
- ^ Ganem JP, Carson CC (1999). "Frère Jacques Beaulieu: from rogue lithotomist to nursery rhyme character". J Urol. 161 (4): 1067–9. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)61591-X. PMID 10081839.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Bladder Stones at eMedicine
- ^ Evers S (1993). "[Tableau de l'opération de la taille by Marin Marais (1725)—a bladder calculus operation represented in music]". Urologe A (in German). 32 (3): 254–9. PMID 8511837.
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External links
- Lithotomy. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence, Italy.
- Bladder Stones at eMedicine