Metarhizium anisopliae: Difference between revisions

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==Important isolates==
==Important isolates==
Some isolates previously placed here have been assigned to ''[[Metarhizium robertsii]]'';<ref name = IndF> others may include:
Some isolates previously placed here have been assigned to ''[[Metarhizium robertsii]]'';<ref name = IndF/> others may include:
* The ex-neotype isolate of ''M. anisopliae'' is IMI 168777ii = ARSEF 7487 (also CSIRO FI-1029) from ''[[Schistocerca gregaria]]'' in [[Eritrea]]
* The ex-neotype isolate of ''M. anisopliae'' is IMI 168777ii = ARSEF 7487 (also CSIRO FI-1029) from ''[[Schistocerca gregaria]]'' in [[Eritrea]]
* A.C. Rath's isolate F506 (= ARSEF 4556; DAT 506; IMI 384583) from ''[[Boophilus]]'' sp. ([[Acari]]: Ixodidae) in USA (Florida)
* A.C. Rath's isolate F506 (= ARSEF 4556; DAT 506; IMI 384583) from ''[[Boophilus]]'' sp. ([[Acari]]: Ixodidae) in USA (Florida)
* ''M. anisopliae'' isolated from ''[[Dermolepida albohirtum]]'' (Coleoptera: [[Scarabaeidae]]) include: CSIRO FI-1358 (= ARSEF 7493) and FI 1045 which is the active ingredient of 'Biocane'.
* ''M. anisopliae'' isolated from ''[[Dermolepida albohirtum]]'' (Coleoptera: [[Scarabaeidae]]) include: CSIRO FI-1358 (= ARSEF 7493) and FI 1045 which is the active ingredient of 'Biocane'.

==See also==
==See also==
* [[LUBILOSA]]
* [[LUBILOSA]]

Revision as of 15:46, 27 April 2024

Metarhizium anisopliae
Cockroach killed by M. anisopliae
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Clavicipitaceae
Genus: Metarhizium
Species:
M. anisopliae
Binomial name
Metarhizium anisopliae
Synonyms[1]
  • Entomophthora anisopliae Metschn. (1879)
  • Metarhizium album Petch (1931)
  • Metarhizium anisopliae f. minor J.R. Johnst. (1915)
  • Metarhizium anisopliae f. oryctophagum Frieder. (1930)
  • Metarhizium anisopliae var. dcjhyium C.J. Dong, Jia M. Zhang, W.G. Chen & Y.Y. Hu (2007)
  • Metarhizium anisopliae var. frigidum A.C. Rath, C.J. Carr & B.R. Graham (1995)
  • Metarhizium guizhouense Q.T. Chen & H.L. Guo (1986)
  • Metarhizium pinghaense Q.T. Chen & H.L. Guo (1986)
  • Metarhizium velutinum Borowska, Golonk. & Kotulowa (1970)

Metarhizium anisopliae, formerly known as Entomophthora anisopliae (basionym), is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and causes disease in various insects by acting as a parasitoid. Ilya I. Mechnikov named it after the insect species from which it was originally isolated – the beetle Anisoplia austriaca. It is a mitosporic fungus with asexual reproduction, which was formerly classified in the form class Hyphomycetes of the phylum Deuteromycota (also often called Fungi Imperfecti). According to Paul Stamets, it could be the answer to prevent colony collapse disorder and catastrophic famine.

Many isolates have long been recognised to be specific, and they were assigned variety status,[2] but they have now been assigned as new Metarhizium species,[3] such as M. anisopliae, M. majus and M. acridum (which was M. anisopliae var. acridum and included the isolates used for locust control). Metarhizium taii was placed in M. anisopliae var. anisopliae,[4] but has now been described as a synonym of M. guizhouense (see Metarhizium). The commercially important isolate M.a. 43 (or F52, Met52, etc.), which infects Coleoptera and other insect orders has now been assigned to Metarhizium brunneum.[5]

Biology

The disease caused by the fungus is sometimes called green muscardine disease because of the green colour of its spores. When these mitotic (asexual) spores (called conidia) of the fungus come into contact with the body of an insect host, they germinate and the hyphae that emerge penetrate the cuticle. The fungus then develops inside the body, eventually killing the insect after a few days; this lethal effect is very likely aided by the production of insecticidal cyclic peptides (destruxins). The cuticle of the cadaver often becomes red. If the ambient humidity is high enough, a white mould then grows on the cadaver that soon turns green as spores are produced. Most insects living near the soil have evolved natural defenses against entomopathogenic fungi like M. anisopliae. This fungus is, therefore, locked in an evolutionary battle to overcome these defenses, which has led to a large number of isolates (or strains) that are adapted to certain groups of insects.[6]

Economic importance

The previously described range of entomopathogenic fungus isolates known as M. anisopliae, before 2009, had been observed to infect over 200 insect pest species.[7] M. anisopliae and its related species are used as biological insecticides to control a number of pests such as termites, thrips, etc. and its use in the control of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes is under investigation.[8] M. anisopliae does not appear to infect humans but has been reported as a significant pathogen of reptiles. The microscopic spores are typically sprayed on affected areas. A possible technique for malaria control is to coat mosquito nets or cotton sheets attached to the wall with them.

A simplified method of microencapsulation has been demonstrated to increase the shelf-life of M. anisopliae spores commercialised for biological control of pest insects, potentially increasing its efficiency against red imported fire ants.[9]

Important isolates

Some isolates previously placed here have been assigned to Metarhizium robertsii;[1] others may include:

  • The ex-neotype isolate of M. anisopliae is IMI 168777ii = ARSEF 7487 (also CSIRO FI-1029) from Schistocerca gregaria in Eritrea
  • A.C. Rath's isolate F506 (= ARSEF 4556; DAT 506; IMI 384583) from Boophilus sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) in USA (Florida)
  • M. anisopliae isolated from Dermolepida albohirtum (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) include: CSIRO FI-1358 (= ARSEF 7493) and FI 1045 which is the active ingredient of 'Biocane'.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Species fungorum search Metarhizium (retrieved 27 April 2024)
  2. ^ Driver, F.; Milner, R.J. & Trueman, W.H.A. (2000). "A Taxonomic revision of Metarhizium based on sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA". Mycological Research. 104 (2): 135–151. doi:10.1017/S0953756299001756.
  3. ^ Bischoff J.F.; Rehner S.A. Humber R.A. (2009). "A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage". Mycologia. 101 (4): 512–530. doi:10.3852/07-202.
  4. ^ Huang B.; Li C.; Humber R.A.; Hodge K.T.; Fan M.; Li Z. (2005). "Molecular evidence for the taxonomic status of Metarhizium taii and its teleomorph, Cordyceps taii (Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae)". Mycotaxon. 94: 137–147.
  5. ^ GVP Reddy; Z Zhao; RA Humber (2014). "Laboratory and field efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi for the management of the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae)". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 122: 10–15. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2014.07.009. PMID 25111763.
  6. ^ Freimoser, F. M.; Screen, S.; Bagga, S.; Hu, G. & St. Leger, R.J. (2003). "EST analysis of two subspecies of M. anisopliae reveals a plethora of secreted proteins with potential activity in insect hosts". Microbiology. 149 (Pt 1): 239–247. doi:10.1099/mic.0.25761-0. PMID 12576597.
  7. ^ Cloyd, Raymond A. (1999). "The Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae". Midwest Biological Control News. VI (7).
  8. ^ McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (10 June 2005). "Fungus Fatal to Mosquito May Aid Global War on Malaria". The New York Times. 104: 135–151.
  9. ^ Qiu, Hua-Long; Fox, Eduardo G. P.; Qin, Chang-Sheng; Zhao, Dan-Yang; Yang, Hua; Xu, Jin-Zhu (2019-07-01). "Microcapsuled entomopathogenic fungus against fire ants, Solenopsis invicta" (PDF). Biological Control. 134: 141–149. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.03.018. ISSN 1049-9644.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metarhizium_anisopliae&oldid=1221054448"