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Coordinates: 39°42′34″N 46°15′14″E / 39.70944°N 46.25389°E / 39.70944; 46.25389
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{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Minkend
|official_name = Minkend
|native_name = {{nativename|az|Minkənd}}
|native_name = Minkənd
|native_name_lang = az
|image_skyline = Ruins_of_Minkənd_village,_Azerbaijan_1.jpg
|image_skyline = Ruins_of_Minkənd_village,_Azerbaijan_1.jpg
|image_size = 300px
|image_size = 300px
|pushpin_map = Azerbaijan
|pushpin_map = Azerbaijan#East Zangezur
|pushpin_mapsize = 300
|pushpin_mapsize = 300
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_type = Country
Line 16: Line 17:
|area_total_km2 =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_footnotes =
|area_footnotes =
|population_footnotes = <ref name="2015statistics">{{Cite web|url=https://artsakhlib.am/en/2018/06/06/%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82-%D5%AC%D5%B2%D5%B0-%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6-%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8/|title=Directory of socio-economic characteristics of NKR administrative-territorial units (2015)|author=Hakob Ghahramanyan}}</ref>
|population_footnotes = <ref name="2015statistics">{{Cite web|url=https://artsakhlib.am/en/2018/06/06/տեղեկատու-լղհ-վարչատարածքային-միավո/|title=Directory of socio-economic characteristics of NKR administrative-territorial units (2015)|author=Hakob Ghahramanyan}}</ref>
|population_as_of = 2015
|population_as_of = 2015
|population_total = 86
|population_total = 86
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|timezone_DST =
|timezone_DST =
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|utc_offset_DST =
|coordinates = {{coord|39|42|34|N|46|15|14|E|region:{{xb|NKR}}|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates = {{coord|39|42|34|N|46|15|14|E|region:AZ|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m =
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}}
⚫
'''Minkend''' ({{lang-az|Minkənd}}, {{IPA-az|minˈkænd|pron}}; {{lang-hy|Հակ|Hak}}) is a village in the [[Lachin District]] of [[Azerbaijan]]. It is situated along the Minkend tributary of the [[Hakari (river)|Hakari]] river.


== Etymology ==
⚫
'''Minkend''' ({{lang-az|Minkənd}}; {{lang-hy|Հակ|Hak}}) is a village in the [[Lachin District]] of [[Azerbaijan]]. The village is located on the west bank of the [[Hakari River]] and in the northern part of the Lachin District, 320&nbsp;km from [[Baku]], the capital of Azerbaijan.

== Toponymy ==
''Min'' from the [[Azerbaijani language]] is translated as "thousand", while kend derives from [[old Persian]], meaning "village".<ref name="onomastika">{{cite book |last1=Гуриев |first1=Тамерлан Александрович |last2=Никонов |first2=Владимир Андреевич |title=Ономастика Кавказа: межвузовский сборник статей |chapter=Названия курдских селений в Закавказье |trans-title=Onomastics of the Caucasus: interuniversity collection of articles |date=1980 |publisher=[[North Ossetian State University]] |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZUaAAAAIAAJ |language=ru}}</ref>
''Min'' from the [[Azerbaijani language]] is translated as "thousand", while kend derives from [[old Persian]], meaning "village".<ref name="onomastika">{{cite book |last1=Гуриев |first1=Тамерлан Александрович |last2=Никонов |first2=Владимир Андреевич |title=Ономастика Кавказа: межвузовский сборник статей |chapter=Названия курдских селений в Закавказье |trans-title=Onomastics of the Caucasus: interuniversity collection of articles |date=1980 |publisher=[[North Ossetian State University]] |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZUaAAAAIAAJ |language=ru}}</ref>


According to an Armenian legend, [[Turco-Mongol tradition|Turco-Mongol]] conqueror [[Timur]] invaded [[Armenia]] and destroyed one village after another. Having devastated many villages in [[Zangezur]], he began to count the number of destroyed settlements. After counting to a thousand, Timur said out loud "Min kend" (a thousand villages). Since then, the village has been called "Minkend".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ganalanyan |first1=Aram |title=Армянские предания |trans-title=Armenian legends |date=1979 |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan |page=147 |language=ru}}</ref>
According to an Armenian legend, [[Turco-Mongol tradition|Turco-Mongol]] conqueror [[Timur]] invaded [[Armenia]] and destroyed one village after another. Having devastated many villages in [[Zangezur]], he began to count the number of destroyed settlements. After counting to a thousand, Timur said out loud "Min kend" (a thousand villages). Since then, the village has been called "Minkend".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ganalanyan |first1=Aram |title=Армянские предания |trans-title=Armenian legends |date=1979 |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences of Armenia]] |location=Yerevan |page=147 |language=ru}}</ref>


Samvel Karapetyan writes that the name ''Hak'' is mentioned as the village's name in the records of the medieval Armenian [[Orbelian Dynasty]], and there is an inscription in the walls of the village's St. Minas Church that reads "this newly baptized holy church was built by the people of Hak in 1675".<ref name="Karapetyan">{{Cite book|title=Armenian Cultural Monuments In The Region Of Karabakh|url=http://www.raa-am.com/raa/pdf_files/136.pdf|author=Samvel Karapetyan|author-link=Samvel Karapetyan (author)|publisher=[[Research on Armenian Architecture]]|date=2001}}</ref>
[[Samvel Karapetyan (author)|Samvel Karapetyan]] writes that the village is mentioned by the name ''Hak'' in the records of the medieval Armenian [[Orbelian Dynasty]], and there is an inscription in the walls of the village's St. Minas Church that reads "this newly baptized holy church was built by the people of Hak in 1675".<ref name="Karapetyan">{{Cite book|title=Armenian Cultural Monuments In The Region Of Karabakh|url=http://www.raa-am.com/raa/pdf_files/136.pdf|author=Samvel Karapetyan|author-link=Samvel Karapetyan (author)|publisher=[[Research on Armenian Architecture]]|date=2001}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
Minkend was part of the [[Zangezur Uyezd]] of [[Elisabethpol Governorate]] during the [[Russian Empire]]. According to 1856 census data, Minkend was populated by [[Shiite]] [[Kurds]] who spoke [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]].<ref name="calendar1856">{{Cite book |url=https://www.prlib.ru/item/417284 |title=Кавказский календарь на 1856 год |publisher=Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom |year=1856 |edition=11th |location= |publication-place=Tiflis |pages=365 |language=Russian |trans-title=Caucasian calendar for 1856 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209114902/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417284 |archive-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> The village had 70 homes and 600 residents in 1886, 453 of whom were [[Armenians]] and 147 of whom were Shiite [[Azerbaijanis]] (classified as "Tatars" in the census).<ref name="tsc">{{cite book |title=Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказскаго края, извлеченных из посемейных списков 1886 г. |publisher=Transcaucasian Statistical Committee |date=1893 |location=Tiflis |page=[https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01005403186?page=250 250]}}</ref> According to the 1897 [[Russian Empire Census]], Minkend had 506 Armenian and 396 Muslim residents.<ref name="census1897">{{cite book |title=Населенные места Российской империи в 500 и более жителей с указанием всего наличного в них населения и числа жителей преобладающих вероисповеданий, по данным первой всеобщей переписи населения 1897 г. |publisher=Tipografiya "Obshchestvennaya pol'za" parovaya tipo-litografiya N. L. Nyrkina |date=1905 |location=Saint Petersburg |page=[https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/000200_000018_v19_rc_1792161?page=312 31]}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Hak Church 1969 y. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|A group of scientists in front of the Armenian St. Minas Church in Minkend]]
During the times of the [[Russian Empire]], the village was part of the [[Zangezur Uyezd]] of the [[Elisabethpol Governorate]], and had a mixed population of [[Armenians]] and [[Kurds]].


The village was badly damaged during the [[Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907]]. The first attack on the village took place in March 1905, while the second happened from June 5 to 6, during which 50 Armenians were killed. The attacks continued in August when a detachment of Cossacks was sent to protect the Armenians of Minkend, but the police officer of Zangezur, Melik-Aslanov, convinced them that there was no danger for the Armenians. The Cossacks left Minkend to defend another village. When the Cossacks left, the Tatars killed 140 Armenians and wounded another 40 in front of the bailiff, who did not try to stop the killings.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Villari |first1=Luigi |title=Fire and Sword in the Caucasus |date=1906 |location=London |isbn=978-1-294-94544-4 |pages=218–219 |language=en}}</ref> The newspaper ''[[Syn otechestva]]'' (August 1905) reported:<ref>«Сын отечества» 2 October 1905</ref><ref>«Сын отечества», 30 August 1905, вечерн. вып.</ref>
The village was badly damaged during the [[Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907]]. The first attack on the village took place in March 1905, while the second happened from June 5 to 6, during which 50 Armenians were killed. The attacks continued in August when a detachment of Cossacks was sent to protect the Armenians of Minkend, but the bailiff of Zangezur, Melik-Aslanov, convinced them that there was no danger for the Armenians. The Cossacks left Minkend to defend another village. When the Cossacks left, the Tatars killed 140 Armenians and wounded another 40 in front of the bailiff, who did not try to stop the killings.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Villari |first1=Luigi |title=Fire and Sword in the Caucasus |date=1906 |location=London |isbn=978-1-294-94544-4 |pages=218–219 |language=en}}</ref> However, according to the August 1905 issue of the ''[[Syn otechestva]]'' newspaper, over 300 people were killed, and the bailiff did not even report the incident to his superiors.<ref>«Сын отечества» 2 October 1905</ref><ref>«Сын отечества», 30 August 1905, вечерн. вып.</ref>
{{blockquote|In the village of Minkend, over three hundred souls of all ages were massacred. The insides of Armenian children were thrown to the dogs to eat, the Zangezur bailiff Melik-Aslanov took the Cossacks and an officer away from Minkend, and then admired the massacre, which he did not even deign to report to his superiors. }}


⚫
According to the 1912 "Caucasian Calendar", the village of Minkend was home to 731 people, the majority of whom were [[Kurds]].<ref name="calendar1912">{{Cite book |url=https://www.prlib.ru/item/417317 |title=Кавказский календарь на 1912 год |trans-title=Caucasian calendar for 1912 |publisher=Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom |year=1912 |edition=67th |location= |publication-place=Tiflis |page=183 |language=Russian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211164139/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417317 |archive-date=11 December 2021}}</ref> However, in the 1915 edition of the "Caucasian Calendar", it was indicated that Minkend was predominantly Armenian, with a population of 1,532 people.<ref name="calendar1915">{{Cite book |url=https://www.prlib.ru/item/417320 |title=Кавказский календарь на 1915 год |publisher=Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom |year=1915 |edition=70th |location= |publication-place=Tiflis |pages=158 |language=Russian |trans-title=Caucasian calendar for 1915 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104234033/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417320 |archive-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>
=== Soviet and Post-Soviet period ===
During the [[USSR|Soviet]] period, the village, together with the eastern part of the former Zangezur uyezd, was part of the Azerbaijan SSR. It was administrated as part of the [[Kurdistan uyezd]] from 1923 to 1929 and later as part of the [[Lachin District]]. The village was mostly populated by Kurds and Azerbaijanis during this period.


Minkend was part of the village council of the same name in the Lachin District of the [[Azerbaijan SSR]] during the early Soviet period in 1933. The village had 280 farms and a total population of 1,355 people. The population of the village council was 58.1 percent Kurdish.<ref name="azssr">{{cite book |title=Административное деление АССР |trans-title=Administrative divisions of the ASSR |date=1933 |publisher=AzUNKHU |language=ru |page=[https://viewer.rusneb.ru/ru/000200_000018_rc_2682917?page=11 5]}}</ref> The village had 2,306 residents in 1981. Its residents' main occupation was [[animal husbandry]]. There was a middel school, a club, a library, and a hospital in the village.<ref name="azency">{{cite encyclopedia |title=МИНКӘНД |encyclopedia=[[Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia]] |year=1982 |location=Baku |volume=6 |page=578 |url=https://archive.org/embed/ace-vi-cild}}</ref>
After the independence of Azerbaijan from the USSR, the village was involved in the [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]]. Armenian forces captured the village in May 1992 and later integrated it into the [[Kashatagh Province]] of the breakaway [[Republic of Artsakh]], where it was renamed ''Hak'' ({{lang-hy|Հակ}}).


Following the [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war]], the village was, along with the surrounding Lachin District, was returned to Azerbaijan on 1 December 2020 as part of the [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Azerbaijani Forces Enter Third District Under Nagorno-Karabakh Truce|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/azerbaijani-forces-enter-third-district-under-nagorno-karabakh-truce/30977052.html|access-date=23 April 2022|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref>
During the [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]], in May 1992, Armenian forces occupied the village, forcing the Kurdish and Azerbaijani population to flee. It was later incorporated into the [[Political status of Nagorno-Karabakh|breakaway]] [[Republic of Artsakh]] as part of its [[Kashatagh Province]], where it was known as ''Hak'' ({{lang-hy|Հակ}}). Minkend was returned to Azerbaijan on 1 December 2020 as part of the [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Azerbaijani Forces Enter Third District Under Nagorno-Karabakh Truce|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/azerbaijani-forces-enter-third-district-under-nagorno-karabakh-truce/30977052.html|access-date=23 April 2022|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref>


== Historical heritage sites ==
== Historical heritage sites ==
⚫
[[File:Hak Church 1969 y. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|A group of scientists in front of the St. Minas Church in Minkend]]
Historical heritage sites in and around the village include a bridge from between the 10th and 19th centuries, a 13th-century [[khachkar]], a cemetery from between the 14th and 20th centuries, and [[Menas of Egypt|St. Minas]] Church ({{lang-hy|Սուրբ Մինաս եկեղեցի|Surb Minas Yekeghetsi}}) consecrated in 1698.<ref name="2015statistics"/>
Historical heritage sites in and around the village include two [[arch bridge]]s from the 19th century, a 13th-century [[khachkar]], a cemetery from the 14th to the 20th centuries, [[Menas of Egypt|St. Minas]] Church ({{lang-hy|Սուրբ Մինաս եկեղեցի|Surb Minas Yekeghetsi}}) consecrated in 1698, and two temples from the 15th century.<ref name="2015statistics"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Azərbaycan Respublikası ərazisində dövlət mühafizəsinə götürülmüş daşınmaz tarix və mədəniyyət abidələrinin əhəmiyyət dərəcələrinə görə bölgüsünün təsdiq edilməsi haqqında |url=https://e-qanun.az/files/framework/data/2/c_f_2847.htm |trans-title=On approval of the distribution of immovable historical and cultural monuments taken under state protection in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan according to their degree of importance |website=[[Cabinet of Azerbaijan]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928050108/https://e-qanun.az/files/framework/data/2/c_f_2847.htm |archive-date=28 September 2013 |language=az |date=2 August 2001}}</ref>

⚫
== Population ==
According to the 1856 publication of the ''Caucasian Calendar'', Minkend was inhabited by [[Shiite Muslim]] Kurds, who spoke Kurdish.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.prlib.ru/item/417284 |title=Кавказский календарь на 1856 год |publisher=Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom |year=1856 |edition=11th |location= |publication-place=Tiflis |pages=365 |language=Russian |trans-title=Caucasian calendar for 1856 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209114902/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417284 |archive-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> In 1888, the majority of the village's inhabitants were Armenians, as well as 47 Azerbaijani and 23 Kurdish households.<ref name="Аристова,23">{{cite journal |first=Tatyana |last=Aristova |title=Из истории возникновения современных курдских селений в Закавказье |trans-title=From the history of the emergence of modern Kurdish villages in Transcaucasia|journal=Советская этнография |location=Moscow |language=ru |publisher=АН СССР|date= 1962|issue= 2 |page= 23}}</ref> Minkend was indicated to have 506 Armenian and 396 Kurdish residents in the 1897 [[Russian Empire Census]].<ref>Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи, 1897, v.63 Елисаветопольская губерния. Н.А.Тройницкий, Saint Petersburg, 1904. p.31</ref>


== Demographics ==
⚫
According to the 1912 publication of the ''Caucasian Calendar'', 731 people lived in the village, mostly Kurds.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.prlib.ru/item/417317 |title=Кавказский календарь на 1912 год |publisher=Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom |year=1912 |edition=67th |location= |publication-place=Tiflis |pages= |language=Russian |trans-title=Caucasian calendar for 1912 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211164139/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417317 |archive-date=11 December 2021}}</ref> However, only 3 years later, the ''Caucasian Calendar'' indicated that Minkend is predominantly Armenian, with a population of 1532 people.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.prlib.ru/item/417320 |title=Кавказский календарь на 1915 год |publisher=Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom |year=1915 |edition=70th |location= |publication-place=Tiflis |pages=158 |language=Russian |trans-title=Caucasian calendar for 1915 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104234033/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417320 |archive-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
⚫
! Population
! Ethnic composition
! Source
|-
| 1886
| 600
| 75.5% [[Armenians|Armenian]], 24.5% Tatar (i.e. [[Azerbaijanis]])
| Transcaucasian Statistical Committee<ref name="tsc" />
|-
| 1897
| 902
| 56.1% Armenian, 43.9% Muslim
| [[Russian Empire Census]]<ref name="census1897" />
|-
| 1912
| 731
| Mainly [[Kurds|Kurdish]]
| ''Caucasian Calendar''<ref name="calendar1912" />
|-
| 1915
| 1,532
| Mainly Armenian
| ''Caucasian Calendar''<ref name="calendar1915" />
|-
| 1933
| 1,355
| 58.1% Kurdish
| Statistics of [[Azerbaijan SSR]]<ref name="azssr" />
|-
| 1981
| 2,306
|
| [[Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia]]<ref name="azency" />
|-
| colspan="12" |'''May 1992: Occupation of Minkend. Expulsion of Kurdish and Azerbaijani population'''
|-


| 2015
According to the "Administrative division of the ASSR" publication in 1933 made by the Department of National Economic Accounting of the Azerbaijan SSR (AzNHU), there were 280 households and 1355 people (688 men and 677 women) in Minkend village council as of 1 January 1933. Of these 1355 people, the majority were Kurds with 58.1%.<ref>{{cite book |title=Административное деление АССР |trans-title=Administrativie division of the AzSSR |language=ru |publisher =Издание АзУНХУ |date=1933 |location=Baku |page=47}}</ref>
| 86
| ~100% Armenians
| [[NKR]] estimate<ref name="2015statistics" />
|}


== Notable natives ==
According to the data from the late Soviet period, Azerbaijanis and Kurds inhabited Minkend.<ref name="onomastika" /> The Azerbaijani and Kurdish population of the village fled during the First Nagorno-Karabakh when Armenian forces captured the village. It was later reinhabited by Armenian migrants and had a population of 86 in 2015.<ref name="2015statistics" />
* [[Nurmammad bey Shahsuvarov]] (1883–1958) – Azerbaijani statesman who served as [[Ministry of Education (Azerbaijan)|Minister of Education and Religious Affairs]] in the fifth cabinet of [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Həmid |first1=Tural |title=Azərbaycan kürdləri |url=https://azlogos.eu/az%C9%99rbaycan-kurdl%C9%99ri/ |website=Azlogos |access-date=26 June 2022 |language=az |date=12 June 2020}}</ref>


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Old image of Minkənd village, Azerbaijan.jpg
Old image of Minkənd village, Azerbaijan.jpg|Old image of Minkend
Ruins of Minkənd village, Azerbaijan.jpg
Ruins of Minkənd village, Azerbaijan.jpg|Ruins of Minkend during occupation
</gallery>
</gallery>


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{{Commons}}
{{Commons}}
* {{GEOnet2|32FA881502BB3774E0440003BA962ED3}}
* {{GEOnet2|32FA881502BB3774E0440003BA962ED3}}
* {{YouTube|Nko20VKRBAg|Video of Minkend in 2021}}


{{Lachin Rayon}}
{{Lachin District}}
{{Kashatagh Province}}
{{Kashatagh Province}}
{{Portal bar|Geography}}
{{Portal bar|Geography}}

Revision as of 15:05, 26 June 2022

Minkend
Minkənd
Minkend is located in Azerbaijan
Minkend
Minkend
Minkend is located in East Zangezur Economic Region
Minkend
Minkend
Coordinates: 39°42′34″N 46°15′14″E / 39.70944°N 46.25389°E / 39.70944; 46.25389
Country Azerbaijan
DistrictLachin
Population
 (2015)[1]
 • Total86
Time zoneUTC+4 (UTC)

Minkend (Azerbaijani: Minkənd, pronounced [minˈkænd]; Armenian: Հակ, romanized: Hak) is a village in the Lachin District of Azerbaijan. It is situated along the Minkend tributary of the Hakari river.

Etymology

Min from the Azerbaijani language is translated as "thousand", while kend derives from old Persian, meaning "village".[2]

According to an Armenian legend, Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur invaded Armenia and destroyed one village after another. Having devastated many villages in Zangezur, he began to count the number of destroyed settlements. After counting to a thousand, Timur said out loud "Min kend" (a thousand villages). Since then, the village has been called "Minkend".[3]

Samvel Karapetyan writes that the village is mentioned by the name Hak in the records of the medieval Armenian Orbelian Dynasty, and there is an inscription in the walls of the village's St. Minas Church that reads "this newly baptized holy church was built by the people of Hak in 1675".[4]

History

Minkend was part of the Zangezur Uyezd of Elisabethpol Governorate during the Russian Empire. According to 1856 census data, Minkend was populated by Shiite Kurds who spoke Kurdish.[5] The village had 70 homes and 600 residents in 1886, 453 of whom were Armenians and 147 of whom were Shiite Azerbaijanis (classified as "Tatars" in the census).[6] According to the 1897 Russian Empire Census, Minkend had 506 Armenian and 396 Muslim residents.[7]

The village was badly damaged during the Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907. The first attack on the village took place in March 1905, while the second happened from June 5 to 6, during which 50 Armenians were killed. The attacks continued in August when a detachment of Cossacks was sent to protect the Armenians of Minkend, but the bailiff of Zangezur, Melik-Aslanov, convinced them that there was no danger for the Armenians. The Cossacks left Minkend to defend another village. When the Cossacks left, the Tatars killed 140 Armenians and wounded another 40 in front of the bailiff, who did not try to stop the killings.[8] However, according to the August 1905 issue of the Syn otechestva newspaper, over 300 people were killed, and the bailiff did not even report the incident to his superiors.[9][10]

According to the 1912 "Caucasian Calendar", the village of Minkend was home to 731 people, the majority of whom were Kurds.[11] However, in the 1915 edition of the "Caucasian Calendar", it was indicated that Minkend was predominantly Armenian, with a population of 1,532 people.[12]

Minkend was part of the village council of the same name in the Lachin District of the Azerbaijan SSR during the early Soviet period in 1933. The village had 280 farms and a total population of 1,355 people. The population of the village council was 58.1 percent Kurdish.[13] The village had 2,306 residents in 1981. Its residents' main occupation was animal husbandry. There was a middel school, a club, a library, and a hospital in the village.[14]

During the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, in May 1992, Armenian forces occupied the village, forcing the Kurdish and Azerbaijani population to flee. It was later incorporated into the breakaway Republic of Artsakh as part of its Kashatagh Province, where it was known as Hak (Armenian: Հակ). Minkend was returned to Azerbaijan on 1 December 2020 as part of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement.[15]

Historical heritage sites

A group of scientists in front of the St. Minas Church in Minkend

Historical heritage sites in and around the village include two arch bridges from the 19th century, a 13th-century khachkar, a cemetery from the 14th to the 20th centuries, St. Minas Church (Armenian: Սուրբ Մինաս եկեղեցի, romanized: Surb Minas Yekeghetsi) consecrated in 1698, and two temples from the 15th century.[1][16]

Demographics

Year Population Ethnic composition Source
1886 600 75.5% Armenian, 24.5% Tatar (i.e. Azerbaijanis) Transcaucasian Statistical Committee[6]
1897 902 56.1% Armenian, 43.9% Muslim Russian Empire Census[7]
1912 731 Mainly Kurdish Caucasian Calendar[11]
1915 1,532 Mainly Armenian Caucasian Calendar[12]
1933 1,355 58.1% Kurdish Statistics of Azerbaijan SSR[13]
1981 2,306 Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia[14]
May 1992: Occupation of Minkend. Expulsion of Kurdish and Azerbaijani population
2015 86 ~100% Armenians NKR estimate[1]

Notable natives

Gallery

  • Old image of Minkend
    Old image of Minkend
  • Ruins of Minkend during occupation
    Ruins of Minkend during occupation

References

  1. ^ a b c Hakob Ghahramanyan. "Directory of socio-economic characteristics of NKR administrative-territorial units (2015)".
  2. ^ Гуриев, Тамерлан Александрович; Никонов, Владимир Андреевич (1980). "Названия курдских селений в Закавказье". Ономастика Кавказа: межвузовский сборник статей [Onomastics of the Caucasus: interuniversity collection of articles] (in Russian). North Ossetian State University. p. 95.
  3. ^ Ganalanyan, Aram (1979). Армянские предания [Armenian legends] (in Russian). Yerevan: National Academy of Sciences of Armenia. p. 147.
  4. ^ Samvel Karapetyan (2001). Armenian Cultural Monuments In The Region Of Karabakh (PDF). Research on Armenian Architecture.
  5. ^ Кавказский календарь на 1856 год [Caucasian calendar for 1856] (in Russian) (11th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1856. p. 365. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021.
  6. ^ a b Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказскаго края, извлеченных из посемейных списков 1886 г. Tiflis: Transcaucasian Statistical Committee. 1893. p. 250.
  7. ^ a b Населенные места Российской империи в 500 и более жителей с указанием всего наличного в них населения и числа жителей преобладающих вероисповеданий, по данным первой всеобщей переписи населения 1897 г. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiya "Obshchestvennaya pol'za" parovaya tipo-litografiya N. L. Nyrkina. 1905. p. 31.
  8. ^ Villari, Luigi (1906). Fire and Sword in the Caucasus. London. pp. 218–219. ISBN 978-1-294-94544-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ «Сын отечества» 2 October 1905
  10. ^ «Сын отечества», 30 August 1905, вечерн. вып.
  11. ^ a b Кавказский календарь на 1912 год [Caucasian calendar for 1912] (in Russian) (67th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1912. p. 183. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.
  12. ^ a b Кавказский календарь на 1915 год [Caucasian calendar for 1915] (in Russian) (70th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1915. p. 158. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
  13. ^ a b Административное деление АССР [Administrative divisions of the ASSR] (in Russian). AzUNKHU. 1933. p. 5.
  14. ^ a b "МИНКӘНД". Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. Baku. 1982. p. 578.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^ "Azerbaijani Forces Enter Third District Under Nagorno-Karabakh Truce". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  16. ^ "Azərbaycan Respublikası ərazisində dövlət mühafizəsinə götürülmüş daşınmaz tarix və mədəniyyət abidələrinin əhəmiyyət dərəcələrinə görə bölgüsünün təsdiq edilməsi haqqında" [On approval of the distribution of immovable historical and cultural monuments taken under state protection in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan according to their degree of importance]. Cabinet of Azerbaijan (in Azerbaijani). 2 August 2001. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013.
  17. ^ Həmid, Tural (12 June 2020). "Azərbaycan kürdləri". Azlogos (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 26 June 2022.

External links

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